CaMKK2 is not involved in contraction-stimulated AMPK activation and glucose uptake in skeletal muscle

Journal article

Negoita, Florentina, Addinsall, Alex B., Hellberg, Kristina, Bringas, Conchita Fraguas, Hafen, Paul S., Sermersheim, Tyler J., Agerholm, Marianne, Lewis, Christopher T. A., Ahwazi, Danial, Ling, Naomi X. Y., Larsen, Jeppe K., Deshmukh, Atul S., Hossain, Mohammad A., Oakhill, Jonathan S.l, Ochala, Julien, Brault, Jeffrey J., Sankar, Uma, Drewry, David H., Scott, John W., ... Sakamoto, Kei. (2023). CaMKK2 is not involved in contraction-stimulated AMPK activation and glucose uptake in skeletal muscle. Molecular Metabolism. 75, p. Article 101761. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molmet.2023.101761
AuthorsNegoita, Florentina, Addinsall, Alex B., Hellberg, Kristina, Bringas, Conchita Fraguas, Hafen, Paul S., Sermersheim, Tyler J., Agerholm, Marianne, Lewis, Christopher T. A., Ahwazi, Danial, Ling, Naomi X. Y., Larsen, Jeppe K., Deshmukh, Atul S., Hossain, Mohammad A., Oakhill, Jonathan S.l, Ochala, Julien, Brault, Jeffrey J., Sankar, Uma, Drewry, David H., Scott, John W., Witczak, Carol A. and Sakamoto, Kei
Abstract

Objective
The AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) gets activated in response to energetic stress such as contractions and plays a vital role in regulating various metabolic processes such as insulin-independent glucose uptake in skeletal muscle. The main upstream kinase that activates AMPK through phosphorylation of α-AMPK Thr172 in skeletal muscle is LKB1, however some studies have suggested that Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase 2 (CaMKK2) acts as an alternative kinase to activate AMPK. We aimed to establish whether CaMKK2 is involved in activation of AMPK and promotion of glucose uptake following contractions in skeletal muscle.

Methods
A recently developed CaMKK2 inhibitor (SGC-CAMKK2-1) alongside a structurally related but inactive compound (SGC-CAMKK2-1N), as well as CaMKK2 knock-out (KO) mice were used. In vitro kinase inhibition selectivity and efficacy assays, as well as cellular inhibition efficacy analyses of CaMKK inhibitors (STO-609 and SGC-CAMKK2-1) were performed. Phosphorylation and activity of AMPK following contractions (ex vivo) in mouse skeletal muscles treated with/without CaMKK inhibitors or isolated from wild-type (WT)/CaMKK2 KO mice were assessed. Camkk2 mRNA in mouse tissues was measured by qPCR. CaMKK2 protein expression was assessed by immunoblotting with or without prior enrichment of calmodulin-binding proteins from skeletal muscle extracts, as well as by mass spectrometry-based proteomics of mouse skeletal muscle and C2C12 myotubes.

Results
STO-609 and SGC-CAMKK2-1 were equally potent and effective in inhibiting CaMKK2 in cell-free and cell-based assays, but SGC-CAMKK2-1 was much more selective. Contraction-stimulated phosphorylation and activation of AMPK were not affected with CaMKK inhibitors or in CaMKK2 null muscles. Contraction-stimulated glucose uptake was comparable between WT and CaMKK2 KO muscle. Both CaMKK inhibitors (STO-609 and SGC-CAMKK2-1) and the inactive compound (SGC-CAMKK2-1N) significantly inhibited contraction-stimulated glucose uptake. SGC-CAMKK2-1 also inhibited glucose uptake induced by a pharmacological AMPK activator or insulin. Relatively low levels of Camkk2 mRNA were detected in mouse skeletal muscle, but neither CaMKK2 protein nor its derived peptides were detectable in mouse skeletal muscle tissue.

Conclusions
We demonstrate that pharmacological inhibition or genetic loss of CaMKK2 does not affect contraction-stimulated AMPK phosphorylation and activation, as well as glucose uptake in skeletal muscle. Previously observed inhibitory effect of STO-609 on AMPK activity and glucose uptake is likely due to off-target effects. CaMKK2 protein is either absent from adult murine skeletal muscle or below the detection limit of currently available methods.

KeywordsCa2þ/calmodulin dependent protein kinase kinase 2; AMP-activated protein kinase; SGC-CAMKK2-1; STO-609; glucose uptake
Year2023
JournalMolecular Metabolism
Journal citation75, p. Article 101761
PublisherElsevier GmbH
ISSN2212-8778
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molmet.2023.101761
PubMed ID37380024
Scopus EID2-s2.0-85164661974
PubMed Central IDPMC10362367
Open accessPublished as ‘gold’ (paid) open access
Page range1-14
FunderNovo Nordisk Foundation
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health
National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), National Institutes of Health
Carlsberg Foundation
National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health
National Institutes of Health (NIH), United States of America
Australian Research Council (ARC)
National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC)
Bayer
Boehringer Ingelheim
Canada Foundation for Innovation
Eshelman Institute for Innovation
Genentech
Genome Canada
Ontario Genomics Institute
EU/EFPIA/OICR/McGill/KTH/Diamond
Innovative Medicines Initiative 2 Joint Undertaking
Merck KGaA Darmstadt Germany
Pfizer
The São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP)
Takeda Pharmaceuticals
Publisher's version
License
File Access Level
Open
Output statusPublished
Publication dates
Online11 Jul 2023
Publication process dates
Accepted22 Jun 2023
Deposited02 Apr 2025
ARC Funded ResearchThis output has been funded, wholly or partially, under the Australian Research Council Act 2001
Grant IDNNF21OC0070257
NNF18CC0034900
R01DK103562
R21AR081593
CF20-0113
R01 CA218442
R01AR070200
R01AR076477
DP210102840
GNT2001817
DP220103700
OGI-196
EUbOPEN grant 875510
Additional information

© 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier GmbH. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

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Katwan, Omar J., Alghamdi, Fatmah, Almabrouk, Tarek A., Mancini, Sarah J., Kennedy, Simon, Oakhill, Jonathan S., Scott, John W. and Salt, Ian P.. (2019). AMP-activated protein kinase complexes containing the beta2 regulatory subunit are up-regulated during and contribute to adipogenesis. Biochemical Journal. 476(12), pp. 1725 - 1740. https://doi.org/10.1042/BCJ20180714
Inhibition of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme a reductase signaling leads to hypercholesterolemia and promotes hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance
Loh, Kim, Tam, Shanna, Murray-Segal, Lisa, Huynh, Kevin, Meikle, Peter J., Scott, John W., van Denderen, Bryce J., Chen, Zhiping, Steel, Rohan, LeBlond, Nicholas D., Burkovsky, Leah A., O'Dwyer, Conor, Nunes, Julia R. C., Steinberg, Gregory R., Fullerton, Morgan D., Galic, Sandra and Kemp, Bruce E.. (2019). Inhibition of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme a reductase signaling leads to hypercholesterolemia and promotes hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance. Hepatology Communications. 3(1), pp. 84 - 98. https://doi.org/10.1002/hep4.1279
Transient expression of AMPK heterotrimer complexes in mammalian cells
Jon Oakhill, John Scott and Toby A. Dite. (2018). Transient expression of AMPK heterotrimer complexes in mammalian cells. In AMPK pp. 159-169 Humana Press, Inc.. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-7598-3_10
Autophagy induced during apoptosis degrades mitochondria and inhibits type I interferon secretion
Lindqvist, Lisa M., Frank, Daniel, McArthur, Kate, Dite, Toby A., Lazarou, Michael, Oakhill, Jon, Kile, Benjamin T. and Vaux, David L.. (2018). Autophagy induced during apoptosis degrades mitochondria and inhibits type I interferon secretion. Cell Death and Differentiation. 25(4), pp. 782 - 794. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41418-017-0017-z
Structural determinants for small-molecule activation of skeletal muscle AMPK α2β2γ1 by the glucose importagog sc4
Ngoei, Kevin R.W., Langendorf, Christopher G., Ling, Naomi, Hoque, Ashfaqul, Johnson, Swapna, Camerino, Michelle C., Walker, Scott R., Bozikis, Ylva E., Dite, Toby A., Ovens, Ashley J., Smiles, William, Jacobs, Roxane, Huang, He, Parker, Michael W., Scott, John W., Rider, Mark H., Foitzik, Richard C., Kemp, Bruce, Baell, Jonathan B. and Oakhill, Jonathan S.. (2018). Structural determinants for small-molecule activation of skeletal muscle AMPK α2β2γ1 by the glucose importagog sc4. Cell Chemical Biology. 25(6), pp. 728 - 737. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chembiol.2018.03.008
Mitochondrial fission protein Drp1 inhibition promotes cardiac mesodermal differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells
Hoque, Ashfaqul, Sivakumaran, Priyadharshini, Bond, Simon T., Ling, Naomi, Kong, Anne M., Scott, John W., Bandara, Nadeeka, Hernandez, Damian, Liu, Guei-Sheung, Wong, Raymond, Ryan, Michael T., Hausenloy, Derek, Kemp, Bruce, Oakhill, Jonathan S., Drew, Brian, Pebay, Alice and Lim, Shiang Y.. (2018). Mitochondrial fission protein Drp1 inhibition promotes cardiac mesodermal differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells. Cell Death Discovery. 4(39), pp. 1 - 13. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41420-018-0042-9
AMP-activated protein kinase selectively inhibited by the type II inhibitor SBI-0206965
Dite, Toby A., Langendorf, Christopher, Hoque, Ashfaqul, Galic, Sandra, Rebello, Richard J., Ovens, Ashley J., Lindqvist, Lisa M., Ngoei, Kevin R.W., Ling, Naomi, Furic, Luc, Kemp, Bruce, Scott, John W. and Oakhill, Jonathan S.. (2018). AMP-activated protein kinase selectively inhibited by the type II inhibitor SBI-0206965. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 293(23), pp. 8874 - 8885. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.RA118.003547
1,2,6-thiadiazinones as novel narrow spectrum calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase 2 (CaMKK2) inhibitors
Asquith, Christopher R.M., Godoi, Paulo H., Counago, Rafael M., Laitinen, Tuomo, Scott, John W., Langendorf, Christopher G., Oakhill, Jonathan S., Drewry, David H., Zuercher, William J., Koutentis, Panayiotis A., Willson, Timothy M. and Kalogirou, Andreas S.. (2018). 1,2,6-thiadiazinones as novel narrow spectrum calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase 2 (CaMKK2) inhibitors. Molecules. 23(5), pp. 1 - 23. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23051221
Impact of genetic variation on human CaMKK2 regulation by Ca2+ -calmodulin and multisite phosphorylation
O'Brien, Matthew, Oakhill, Jonathan S., Ling, Naomi, Langendorf, Christopher G., Hoque, Ashfaqul, Dite, Toby A., Means, Anthony R., Kemp, Bruce and Scott, John W.. (2017). Impact of genetic variation on human CaMKK2 regulation by Ca2+ -calmodulin and multisite phosphorylation. Scientific Reports. 7, pp. 1 - 11. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep43264
The sweet side of AMPK signaling: Regulation of GFAT1
Scott, John W. and Oakhill, Jonathan S.. (2017). The sweet side of AMPK signaling: Regulation of GFAT1. Biochemical Journal. 474(7), pp. 1289 - 1292. https://doi.org/10.1042/BCJ20170006
The autophagy initiator ULK1 sensitizes AMPK to allosteric drugs
Dite, Toby A., Ling, Naomi, Scott, John W., Hoque, Ashfaqul, Galic, Sandra, Parker, Benjamin L., Ngoei, Kevin R.W., Langendorf, Christopher G., O'Brien, Matthew, Kundu, Mondira, Viollet, Benoit, Steinberg, Gregory R., Sakamoto, Kei, Kemp, Bruce and Oakhill, Jonathan S.. (2017). The autophagy initiator ULK1 sensitizes AMPK to allosteric drugs. Nature Communications. 8(571), pp. 1 - 14. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-017-00628-y
Fake inhibitors: AMPK activation trumps inhibition
Langendorf, Christopher G., Scott, John W. and Kemp, Bruce E.. (2017). Fake inhibitors: AMPK activation trumps inhibition. Cell Chemical Biology. 24(7), pp. 775 - 777. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chembiol.2017.07.005
Cyclin-dependent kinase-mediated phosphorylation of breast cancer metastasis suppressor 1 (BRMS1) affects cell migration
Roesley, Siti Nur Ain, Suryadinata, Randy, Morrish, Emma, Tan, Anthonius Ricardo, Issa, Samah M. A., Oakhill, Jon, Bernard, Ora, Welch, Danny R. and Sarcevic, Boris. (2016). Cyclin-dependent kinase-mediated phosphorylation of breast cancer metastasis suppressor 1 (BRMS1) affects cell migration. Cell Cycle. 15(1), pp. 137 - 151. https://doi.org/10.1080/15384101.2015.1121328
Structural basis of allosteric and synergistic activation of AMPK by furan-2-phosphonic derivative C2 binding
Langendorf, Christopher G., Ngoei, Kevin R. W., Scott, John W., Ling, Naomi X. Y., Issa, Sam M. A., Gorman, Michael A., Parker, Michael W., Sakamoto, Kei, Oakhill, Jonathan S. and Kemp, Bruce Ernest. (2016). Structural basis of allosteric and synergistic activation of AMPK by furan-2-phosphonic derivative C2 binding. Nature Communications. 7, pp. 1 - 8. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms10912
The social supply of cannabis among young people in Australia
Lenton, Simon, Grigg, Jodie, Scott, John, Barratt, Monica and Eleftheriadis, Dina. (2015). The social supply of cannabis among young people in Australia. Trends and Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice. (503), pp. 1-6.
Metformin and salicylate synergistically activate liver AMPK, inhibit lipogenesis and improve insulin sensitivity
Ford, Rebecca, Fullerton, Morgan, Pinkosky, Stephen, Day, Emily, Scott, John, Oakhill, Jonathan, Bujak, Adam, Smith, Brennan, Crane, Justin, Blumer, Regje, Marcinko, Katarina, Kemp, Bruce, Gerstein, Hertzel and Steinberg, Gregory. (2015). Metformin and salicylate synergistically activate liver AMPK, inhibit lipogenesis and improve insulin sensitivity. Biochemical Journal. 468(1), pp. 125 - 132. https://doi.org/10.1042/BJ20150125
Inhibition of AMP-activated protein kinase at the allosteric drug-binding site promotes islet insulin release
Scott, John, Galic, Sandra, Graham, Kate, Foitzik, Richard, Ling, Naomi, Dite, Toby, Issa, Samah, Langendorf, Chris, Weng, Qing, Thomas, Helen, Kay, Thomas, Birnberg, Neal, Steinberg, Gregory, Kemp, Bruce and Oakhill, Jonathan. (2015). Inhibition of AMP-activated protein kinase at the allosteric drug-binding site promotes islet insulin release. Chemistry and Biology. 22(6), pp. 705 - 711. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chembiol.2015.05.011
Autophosphorylation of CaMKK2 generates autonomous activity that is disrupted by a T85S mutation linked to anxiety and bipolar disorder
Scott, John, Park, Elizabeth, Rodriguiz, Ramona, Oakhill, Jonathan, Issa, Samah, O'Brien, Matthew, Dite, Toby, Langendorf, Christopher, Wetsel, William, Means, Anthony and Kemp, Bruce. (2015). Autophosphorylation of CaMKK2 generates autonomous activity that is disrupted by a T85S mutation linked to anxiety and bipolar disorder. Scientific Reports. 5, pp. 1 - 10. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep14436
SnRK1 from Arabidopsis thaliana is an atypical AMPK
Emanuelle, Shane, Hossain, Mohammed Iqbal, Moller, Isabel E., Pedersen, Henriette L., van de Meene, Allison M. L., Doblin, Monika S., Koay, Ann, Oakhill, Jonathan S., Scott, John W., Willats, William G. T., Kemp, Bruce Ernest, Bacic, Antony, Gooley, Paul R. and Stapleton, David I.. (2015). SnRK1 from Arabidopsis thaliana is an atypical AMPK. Plant Journal. 82(2), pp. 183 - 192. https://doi.org/10.1111/tpj.12813
Mutant TDP-43 deregulates AMPK activation by PP2A in ALS models
Perera, Nirma, Sheean, Rebecca, Scott, John, Kemp, Bruce, Horne, Malcolm and Turner, Bradley. (2014). Mutant TDP-43 deregulates AMPK activation by PP2A in ALS models. PLoS One (online). 9(3), pp. 1 - 11. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0090449
ATP sensitive bi-quinoline activator of the AMP-activated protein kinase
Scott, John, Oakhill, Jonathan, Ling, Naomi, Langendorf, Christopher, Foitzik, Richard, Kemp, Bruce and Issinger, Olaf-Georg. (2014). ATP sensitive bi-quinoline activator of the AMP-activated protein kinase. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 443(2), pp. 435 - 440. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.11.130
Small molecule drug A-769662 and AMP synergistically activate naive AMPK independent of upstream kinase signaling
Scott, John, Ling, Naomi, Issa, Samah, Dite, Toby, O'Brien, Matthew, Chen, Zhi-Ping, Galic, Sandra, Langendorf, Christopher, Steinberg, Gregory, Kemp, Bruce and Oakhill, Jonathan. (2014). Small molecule drug A-769662 and AMP synergistically activate naive AMPK independent of upstream kinase signaling. Chemistry and Biology. 21(5), pp. 619 - 627. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chembiol.2014.03.006
Differences between first episode schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder
Cotton, Sue, Lambert, M, Schimmelmann, B, Mackinnon, Andrew, Gleeson, John, Berk, Michael, Hides, L, Chanen, Andrew, Scott, J and Schottle, D. (2013). Differences between first episode schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. Schizophrenia Research. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2013.02.036
Ca 2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase beta is regulated by multisite phosphorylation
Green, Michelle, Scott, John, Steel, Rohan, Oakhill, Jonathan, Kemp, Bruce and Means, Anthony. (2011). Ca 2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase beta is regulated by multisite phosphorylation. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 286(32), pp. 28066 - 28079. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M111.251504
AMPK is a direct adenylate charge-regulated protein kinase
Oakhill, Jonathan S., Steel, Rohan, Chen, Zhi-Ping, Scott, John W., Ling, Naomi, Tam, Shanna and Kemp, Bruce Ernest. (2011). AMPK is a direct adenylate charge-regulated protein kinase. Science. 332(6036), pp. 1433 - 1435. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1200094