Effect of environmental and feedback interventions on pacing profiles in cycling: a meta-analysis

Journal article

Davies, Michael J., Clark, Bradley, Welvaert, Marijke, Skorski, Sabrina, Lewis, Laura, Saunders, Philo and Thompson, Kevin G.. (2016) Effect of environmental and feedback interventions on pacing profiles in cycling: a meta-analysis. Frontiers in Physiology. 7, pp. 1 - 24. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2016.00591
AuthorsDavies, Michael J., Clark, Bradley, Welvaert, Marijke, Skorski, Sabrina, Lewis, Laura, Saunders, Philo and Thompson, Kevin G.
Abstract

Insearchoftheiroptimalperformanceathleteswillaltertheirpacingstrategyaccordingtointrinsicandextrinsicphysiological,psychologicalandenvironmentalfactors.However,theeffectofsomeofthesevariablesonpacingandexerciseperformanceremainssomewhatunclear.Therefore,theaimofthismeta-analysiswastoprovideanoverviewastohowmanipulationofdifferentextrinsicfactorsaffectspacingstrategyandexerciseperformance.Onlyself-pacedexercisestudiesthatprovidedcontrolandinterventiongroup(s),reportedtrialvarianceforpoweroutput,disclosedthetypeoffeedbackreceivedorwithheld,andwheretime-trialpoweroutputdatacouldbesegmentedintostart,middleandendsections;wereincludedinthemeta-analysis.Studieswithsimilarthemesweregroupedtogethertodeterminethemeandifference(MD)with95%confidenceintervals(CIs)betweencontrolandinterventiontrialsfor:hypoxia,hyperoxia,heat-stress,pre-cooling,andvariousformsoffeedback.Atotalof26studieswithcyclingastheexercisemodalitywereincludedinthemeta-analysis.Ofthese,fourstudiesmanipulatedoxygenavailability,elevenmanipulatedheat-stress,fourimplementedpre-coolinginterventionsandsevenstudiesmanipulatedvariousformsoffeedback.Meanpoweroutput(MPO)wassignificantlyreducedinthemiddleandendsections(p < 0.05),butnotthestartsectionofhypoxiaandheat-stresstrialscomparedtothecontroltrials.Incontrast,therewasnosignificantchangeintrialorsectionMPOforhyperoxicorpre-coolingconditionscomparedtothecontrolcondition(p > 0.05).NegativefeedbackimprovedoveralltrialMPOandMPOinthemiddlesectionoftrials(p < 0.05),whileinformedfeedbackimprovedoveralltrialMPO(p < 0.05).However,positive,neutralandnofeedbackhadnosignificanteffectonoveralltrialorsectionMPO(p > 0.05).Theavailabledatasuggestsexerciseregulationinhypoxiaandheat-stressisdelayedinthestartsectionoftrials,beforesignificantreductionsinMPOoccurinthemiddleandendofthetrial.Additionally,negativefeedbackinvolvingperformancedeceptionmayaffordanupwardshiftinMPOinthemiddlesectionofthetrialimprovingoverallperformance.Finally,performanceimprovementscanberetainedwhenparticipantsareinformedofthedeception.

KeywordsGarvican-Lewis
Year2016
JournalFrontiers in Physiology
Journal citation7, pp. 1 - 24
PublisherFrontiers Research Foundation
ISSN1664-042X
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2016.00591
Scopus EID2-s2.0-85009259816
Open accessOpen access
Page range1 - 24
Research GroupMary MacKillop Institute for Health Research
Publisher's version
Place of publicationSwitzerland
EditorsG. E. Billman
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