Factors associated with midwives’ job satisfaction and intention to stay in the profession : An integrative review

Journal article

Bloxsome, Dianne, Ireson, Deborah, Doleman, Gemma and Bayes, Sara. (2019). Factors associated with midwives’ job satisfaction and intention to stay in the profession : An integrative review. Journal of Clinical Nursing. 28(3-4), pp. 386-399. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.14651
AuthorsBloxsome, Dianne, Ireson, Deborah, Doleman, Gemma and Bayes, Sara
Abstract

Aims and objectives
To conduct an integrative review of the factors associated with why midwives stay in midwifery.

Background
Midwifery retention and attrition are globally acknowledged as an issue. However, little is known as to why midwives stay in midwifery as the focus has previously focussed on why they leave.

Design
A structured six-step integrative review approach was used, and this involved the development of a search strategy, study selection and critical appraisal, data abstraction and synthesis, interpretation of findings and recommendations for future practice.

Methods
The review was conducted using the databases MEDLINE, CINAHL and PsychInfo. Included studies were in the English language with an unlimited publication date.

Results
Six studies were included in this review: one qualitative, two quantitative and three using mixed methods. Seven themes emerged from synthesisation of the data reported for the six included studies that together help answer the question of why midwives stay in midwifery.

Conclusion
This integrative review has highlighted some important factors that assist in answering the question why midwives stay in midwifery. However, it has also highlighted the need for quality data that reflects the range of contexts in which midwifery is practised.

Relevance to clinical practice
There is an abundance of literature focussing on why midwives leave the profession; however, the gap exists in the reasons why midwives stay. If we can uncover this important detail, then changes within the profession can begin to be implemented, addressing the shortage of midwives issue that has been seen globally for a large number of years.

Keywordsintegrative review; literature review; midwifery; systematic review; work satisfaction
Year2019
JournalJournal of Clinical Nursing
Journal citation28 (3-4), pp. 386-399
PublisherBlackwell Publishing Ltd
ISSN0962-1067
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.14651
Scopus EID2-s2.0-85052932272
Research or scholarlyResearch
Page range386-399
Publisher's version
License
All rights reserved
File Access Level
Controlled
Output statusPublished
Publication dates
Online21 Aug 2018
Publication process dates
Accepted11 Aug 2018
Deposited11 Jul 2021
Permalink -

https://acuresearchbank.acu.edu.au/item/8w57y/factors-associated-with-midwives-job-satisfaction-and-intention-to-stay-in-the-profession-an-integrative-review

Log in to edit

Restricted files

Publisher's version

  • 91
    total views
  • 0
    total downloads
  • 0
    views this month
  • 0
    downloads this month
These values are for the period from 19th October 2020, when this repository was created.

Export as

Related outputs

How do professional connections and relationships impact midwives’ well-being and career sustainability? A Grounded Theory study protocol
Moran, Lynnelle, Bayes, Sara and Foster, Kim. (2024). How do professional connections and relationships impact midwives’ well-being and career sustainability? A Grounded Theory study protocol. European Journal of Midwifery. 8(March), pp. 1-7. https://doi.org/10.18332/ejm/178385
Using a novel approach to explore women's caesarean birth experience
Deys, Linda, Wilson, Valerie, Bayes, Sara Jayne and Meedya, Shahla. (2024). Using a novel approach to explore women's caesarean birth experience. British Journal of Midwifery. 32(5), pp. 258-263. https://doi.org/10.12968/bjom.2024.32.5.258
Development of a midwifery student peer debriefing tool : An interpretive descriptive study
Buchanan, Kate, Ross, Carolyn, Bloxsome, Dianne, Hocking, Jen and Bayes, Sara. (2024). Development of a midwifery student peer debriefing tool : An interpretive descriptive study. Nurse Education Today. 137, pp. 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2024.106167
Failure to progress or just normal? A constructivist grounded theory of physiological plateaus during childbirth
Weckend, Marina, McCullough, Kylie, Duffield, Christine, Bayes, Sara Jayne and Davison, Clare. (2024). Failure to progress or just normal? A constructivist grounded theory of physiological plateaus during childbirth. Women and Birth. 37(1), pp. 229-239. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wombi.2023.10.003
Development of a tool to identify barriers and enablers to practice innovation in midwifery : A participatory action research study
Davis, Sara D., Bayes, Sara and Geraghty, Sadie. (2023). Development of a tool to identify barriers and enablers to practice innovation in midwifery : A participatory action research study. European Journal of Midwifery. 7, pp. 1-10. https://doi.org/10.18332/ejm/157459
What is known about midwives' well-being and resilience? An integrative review of the international literature
Moran, Lynnelle, Foster, Kim and Bayes, Sara. (2023). What is known about midwives' well-being and resilience? An integrative review of the international literature. Birth. pp. 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1111/birt.12756
Sub-Saharan African women’s views and experiences of risk factors for obstetric fistula : A qualitative systematic review
Bulndi, Lydia Babatunde, Ireson, Deborah, Adama, Esther and Bayes, Sara. (2022). Sub-Saharan African women’s views and experiences of risk factors for obstetric fistula : A qualitative systematic review. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth. 22(1), p. Article 680. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-022-05013-2
Physiological plateaus during normal labor and birth : A scoping review of contemporary concepts and definitions
Weckend, Marina, Davison, Clare and Bayes, Sara. (2022). Physiological plateaus during normal labor and birth : A scoping review of contemporary concepts and definitions. Birth. 49(2), pp. 310-328. https://doi.org/10.1111/birt.12607
Nursing in a different world : Remote area nursing as a specialist–generalist practice area
McCullough, Kylie, Bayes, Sara, Whitehead, Lisa, Williams, Anne and Cope, Vicki. (2022). Nursing in a different world : Remote area nursing as a specialist–generalist practice area. Australian Journal of Rural Health. 30(5), pp. 570-581. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajr.12899
What are the benefits and challenges of mentoring in midwifery? An integrative review
Wissemann, Krystyl, Bloxsome, Dianne, De Leo, Annemarie and Bayes, Sara. (2022). What are the benefits and challenges of mentoring in midwifery? An integrative review. Women's Health. 18, pp. 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1177/17455057221110141
Building the plane while it’s flying : Implementation lessons from integrating a co-located exercise clinic into oncology care
Kennedy, Mary A., Bayes, Sara, Newton, Robert U., Zissiadis, Yvonne, Spry, Nigel A., Taaffe, Dennis R., Hart, Nicolas H. and Galvão, Daniel A.. (2022). Building the plane while it’s flying : Implementation lessons from integrating a co-located exercise clinic into oncology care. BMC Health Services Research. 22, p. Article 1235. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-022-08607-w
Communication surrounding initiation and withdrawal of non-invasive ventilation in adults with motor neurone disease
Chapman, Charlotte, Bayes, Sara Jayne and Sim, Moira. (2022). Communication surrounding initiation and withdrawal of non-invasive ventilation in adults with motor neurone disease. International Journal of Palliative Nursing. 28(7), pp. 298-306. https://doi.org/10.12968/ijpn.2022.28.7.298
Factors that enable midwives to stay in the profession : Why do midwives stay in midwifery?
Bloxsome, Dianne, Bayes, Sara Jayne and Ireson, Deborah. (2022). Factors that enable midwives to stay in the profession : Why do midwives stay in midwifery? Evidence Based Midwifery. 20(1), pp. 25-32.
Does midwifery-led care demonstrate care ethics : A template analysis
Buchanan, Kate, Newnham, Elizabeth, Ireson, Deborah, Davison, Clare and Bayes, Sara Jayne. (2022). Does midwifery-led care demonstrate care ethics : A template analysis. Nursing Ethics. 29(1), pp. 245-257. https://doi.org/10.1177/09697330211008638
Implementation barriers to integrating exercise as medicine in oncology : An ecological scoping review
Kennedy, Mary A., Bayes, Sara, Newton, Robert U., Zissiadis, Yvonne, Spry, Nigel A., Taaffe, Dennis R., Hart, Nicolas H. and Galvão, Daniel A.. (2022). Implementation barriers to integrating exercise as medicine in oncology : An ecological scoping review. Journal of Cancer Survivorship. 16(4), pp. 865-881. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11764-021-01080-0
Support needs of parents in neonatal intensive care unit : An integrative review
Adama, Esther Abena, Adua, Eric, Bayes, Sara and Mörelius, Evalotte. (2022). Support needs of parents in neonatal intensive care unit : An integrative review. Journal of Clinical Nursing. 31(5-6), pp. 532-547. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.15972
The Efficacy and Safety of Acupoint Stimulation for Fetal Malpresentation/Malposition During Pregnancy, Labor, or Birth : A Scoping Review
Williams, Heidi, Bloxsome, Dianne, Bayes, Sara Jayne and Wang, Carol Chunfeng. (2021). The Efficacy and Safety of Acupoint Stimulation for Fetal Malpresentation/Malposition During Pregnancy, Labor, or Birth : A Scoping Review. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine. 27(7), pp. 617-619. https://doi.org/10.1089/acm.2020.0529
Exploring the usability of the COM-B model and Theoretical Domains Framework (TDF) to define the helpers of and hindrances to evidence-based practice in midwifery
De Leo, Annemarie, Bayes, Sara, Bloxsome, Dianne and Butt, Janice. (2021). Exploring the usability of the COM-B model and Theoretical Domains Framework (TDF) to define the helpers of and hindrances to evidence-based practice in midwifery. Implementation Science Communications. 2, p. Article 7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s43058-020-00100-x
Midwives’ strategies for coping with barriers to providing quality maternal and neonatal care : A Glaserian grounded theory study
Ismaila, Yakubu, Bayes, Sara and Geraghty, Sadie. (2021). Midwives’ strategies for coping with barriers to providing quality maternal and neonatal care : A Glaserian grounded theory study. BMC Health Services Research. 21(1), p. Article 1190. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-021-07049-0
Barriers to quality midwifery care : A systematic review and meta-synthesis of qualitative data
Ismaila, Yakubu, Bayes, Sara and Geraghty, Sadie. (2021). Barriers to quality midwifery care : A systematic review and meta-synthesis of qualitative data. International Journal of Childbirth. 11(3), pp. 84-100. https://doi.org/10.1891/IJCBIRTH-D-20-00037
Communication surrounding initiation and withdrawal of non-invasive ventilation in adults with motor neuron(e) disease : Clinicians’ and family members’ perspectives
Chapman, Charlotte, Bayes, Sara and Sim, Moira. (2021). Communication surrounding initiation and withdrawal of non-invasive ventilation in adults with motor neuron(e) disease : Clinicians’ and family members’ perspectives. International Journal of Care Coordination. 24(3-4), pp. 96-106. https://doi.org/10.1177/20534345211010132
Understanding the barriers to Ghanaian midwives’ ability to provide quality care : Using classic Grounded theory methodology in a new context
Ismaila, Yakubu, Bayes, Sara and Geraghty, Sadie. (2021). Understanding the barriers to Ghanaian midwives’ ability to provide quality care : Using classic Grounded theory methodology in a new context. International Journal of Africa Nursing Sciences. 15, p. Article 100374. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijans.2021.100374
Exploring concepts and definitions of plateaus during normal labor and birth : A scoping review protocol
Weckend, Marina J., Bayes, Sara and Davison, Clare. (2021). Exploring concepts and definitions of plateaus during normal labor and birth : A scoping review protocol. JBI Evidence Synthesis. 19(3), pp. 644-651. https://doi.org/10.11124/JBIES-20-00105
How is organisational fit addressed in Australian entry level midwifery job advertisements
Bloxsome, Dianne, Glass, Courtney and Bayes, Sara. (2021). How is organisational fit addressed in Australian entry level midwifery job advertisements. BMC Health Services Research. 21, p. Article 183. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-021-06169-x
We say we are doing primary health care but we're not: Remote area nurses’ perspectives on the challenges of providing primary health care services
McCullough, Kylie, Bayes, Sara Jayne, Whitehead, Lisa, Williams, Anne and Cope, Vicki. (2021). We say we are doing primary health care but we're not: Remote area nurses’ perspectives on the challenges of providing primary health care services. Collegian. 28(5), pp. 534-540. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colegn.2021.02.006
Remote area nursing : Best practice or paternalism in action? The importance of consumer perspectives on primary health care nursing practice in remote communities
McCullough, Kylie, Whitehead, Lisa, Bayes, Sara and Schultz, Rebecca. (2021). Remote area nursing : Best practice or paternalism in action? The importance of consumer perspectives on primary health care nursing practice in remote communities. Australian Journal of Primary Health. 27(1), pp. 62-66. https://doi.org/10.1071/PY20089
Midwifery leaders’ views on the factors considered crucial to implementing evidence-based practice in clinical areas
De Leo, Annemarie, Bayes, Sara, Butt, Janice, Bloxsome, Dianne and Geraghty, Sadie. (2021). Midwifery leaders’ views on the factors considered crucial to implementing evidence-based practice in clinical areas. Women and Birth. 34(1), pp. 22-29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wombi.2020.08.013
Learning objectives of cultural immersion programs : A scoping review
Buchanan, Kate, Velandia, Marrianne, Weckend, Marina and Bayes, Sara. (2021). Learning objectives of cultural immersion programs : A scoping review. Nurse Education Today. 100, p. Article 104832. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2021.104832
Graduating midwifery students’ preferred model of practice and first job decisions : A qualitative study
Kuliukas, Lesley, Bayes, Sara, Geraghty, Sadie, Bradfield, Zoe and Davison, Clare. (2021). Graduating midwifery students’ preferred model of practice and first job decisions : A qualitative study. Women and Birth. 34(1), pp. 61-68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wombi.2020.07.005
Sociocultural practices affecting the care of preterm infants in the Ghanaian community
Adama, Esther Abena, Sundin, Deborah and Bayes, Sara. (2021). Sociocultural practices affecting the care of preterm infants in the Ghanaian community. Journal of Transcultural Nursing. 32(5), pp. 458-465. https://doi.org/10.1177/1043659620975098
Examples of health practitioners' approaches to planning and evaluating CPD
Bayes, Sara Jayne. (2020). Examples of health practitioners' approaches to planning and evaluating CPD. In In Cusack, Lynette and Smith, Morgan (Ed.). Portfolios for Nursing, Midwifery and other Health Professions pp. 88 - 113 Elsevier Australia.
Paediatric nurses’ satisfaction with organisational communication, job satisfaction, and intention to stay : A structural equation modelling analysis
Doleman, Gemma, Twigg, Di, Bayes, Sara and Chivers, Paola. (2020). Paediatric nurses’ satisfaction with organisational communication, job satisfaction, and intention to stay : A structural equation modelling analysis. Collegian. 28(4), p. 376–384. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colegn.2020.11.005
A comparison of middle managers' and paediatric nurses' satisfaction with organisational communication
Doleman, Gemma, Twigg, Di and Bayes, Sara. (2020). A comparison of middle managers' and paediatric nurses' satisfaction with organisational communication. Journal of Nursing Management. 28(6), pp. 1223-1232. https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.13064
We have the program, what now? Development of an implementation plan to bridge the research-practice gap prevalent in exercise oncology
Kennedy, Mary A., Bayes, Sara, Newton, Robert U., Zissiadis, Yvonne, Spry, Nigel A., Taaffe, Dennis R., Hart, Nicolas H., Davis, Michael, Eiszele, Aileen and Galvão, Daniel A.. (2020). We have the program, what now? Development of an implementation plan to bridge the research-practice gap prevalent in exercise oncology. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity. 17(1), p. 128. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-020-01032-4
The delivery of primary health care in remote communities : A grounded theory study of the perspective of nurses
McCullough, Kylie, Whitehead, Lisa, Bayes, Sara, Williams, Anne and Cope, Vicki. (2020). The delivery of primary health care in remote communities : A grounded theory study of the perspective of nurses. International Journal of Nursing Studies. 102, p. 103474. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2019.103474
If you build it, will they come? Evaluation of a co-located exercise clinic and cancer treatment centre using the RE-AIM framework
Kennedy, Mary A., Bayes, Sara, Galvão, Daniel A., Singh, Favil, Spry, Nigel A., Davis, Michael, Chee, Raphael, Zissiadis, Yvonne, Hart, Nicolas H., Taaffe, Dennis R. and Newton, Robert U.. (2020). If you build it, will they come? Evaluation of a co-located exercise clinic and cancer treatment centre using the RE-AIM framework. European Journal of Cancer Care. 29(4), pp. 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1111/ecc.13251
“I love being a midwife; it's who I am” : A Glaserian Grounded Theory Study of why midwives stay in midwifery
Bloxsome, Dianne, Bayes, Sara and Ireson, Deborah. (2020). “I love being a midwife; it's who I am” : A Glaserian Grounded Theory Study of why midwives stay in midwifery. Journal of Clinical Nursing. 29(1-2), pp. 208-220. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.15078
Midwives' use of best available evidence in practice : An integrative review
De Leo, Annemarie, Bayes, Sara, Geraghty, Sadie and Butt, Janice. (2019). Midwives' use of best available evidence in practice : An integrative review. Journal of Clinical Nursing. 28(23-24), pp. 4225-4235. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.15027
Skills for Midwifery Practice
De-Vitry Smith, Sally and Bayes, Sara. (2019). Skills for Midwifery Practice Elsevier Australia.
Australian midwives’ experiences of implementing practice change
Bayes, Sara, Juggins, Elaine, Whitehead, Lisa and De Leo, Annemarie. (2019). Australian midwives’ experiences of implementing practice change. Midwifery. 70, pp. 38-45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2018.12.012
“Doing magic with very little” : Barriers to Ghanaian midwives' ability to provide quality maternal and neonatal care
Ismaila, Yakubu, Bayes, Sara and Geraghty, Sadie. (2019). “Doing magic with very little” : Barriers to Ghanaian midwives' ability to provide quality maternal and neonatal care. International Journal of Childbirth. 9(4), pp. 211-224. https://doi.org/10.1891/IJCBIRTH-D-19-00028
Cardiotocography vs. intermittent auscultation in assessing fetal well-being
Bayes, Sara Jayne and Whitehead, Lisa. (2018). Cardiotocography vs. intermittent auscultation in assessing fetal well-being. American Journal of Nursing. 118(6), pp. 23-23. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.NAJ.0000534845.27761.cc
Effectiveness of acupuncture as an adjunct treatment for women with postnatal depression : A systematic review protocol
Wang, Carol Chunfeng, Zhu, Ruifang, Ge, Li, Tufanaru, Catalin, Bayes, Sara and De Jong, Gideon. (2018). Effectiveness of acupuncture as an adjunct treatment for women with postnatal depression : A systematic review protocol. The JBI Database of Systematic Reviews and Implementation Reports. 16(11), pp. 2080-2084. https://doi.org/10.11124/JBISRIR-2017-003719
Parents’ experiences of caring for preterm infants after discharge with grandmothers as their main support
Adama, Esther Abena, Bayes, Sara and Sundin, Deborah. (2018). Parents’ experiences of caring for preterm infants after discharge with grandmothers as their main support. 27(17-18), pp. 3377-3386. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.13868
The real ‘cost’ of study in Australia and the ramifications for China, Australia, and the Chinese nursing students: what do these three players want? A narrative review
Wang, Carol Chunfeng, Whitehead, Lisa and Bayes, Sara. (2017). The real ‘cost’ of study in Australia and the ramifications for China, Australia, and the Chinese nursing students: what do these three players want? A narrative review. Globalization, Societies and Education. 15(5), pp. 590-606. https://doi.org/10.1080/14767724.2016.1195727
Registered nurses’ experiences of caring for pregnant and postpartum women in general hospital settings : A systematic review and meta-synthesis of qualitative data
Bayes, Sara and Ewens, Beverley. (2017). Registered nurses’ experiences of caring for pregnant and postpartum women in general hospital settings : A systematic review and meta-synthesis of qualitative data. Journal of Clinical Nursing. 26(5-6), pp. 599-608. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.13524
Ghanaian fathers' experiences of caring for preterm infants ; journey of exclusion
Adama, Esther Abena, Sundin, Deborah and Bayes, Sara. (2017). Ghanaian fathers' experiences of caring for preterm infants ; journey of exclusion. Journal of Neonatal Nursing. 23(6), pp. 275-281. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnn.2017.05.003
Examples of health practitioners’ approaches to planning and evaluating CPD
Bayes, Sarah, Devey, Lisa, Bidgood, Síobhán, Gilbert-Hunt, Sue, Acker, Joe and Gleadhill, Kearney. (2017). Examples of health practitioners’ approaches to planning and evaluating CPD. In In Andre, Kate, Heartfield, Marie and Cusack, Lynette (Ed.). Portfolios for health professionals pp. 98-123 Elsevier Australia.
The benefits of optimal cord clamping
Busellato, Lisa and Bayes, Sara. (2016). The benefits of optimal cord clamping. Practising Midwife. 19(1), pp. 10-12.
Mindfulness-based childbirth education : Incorporating adult and experiential learning with mindfulness-based stress reduction in childbirth education
Hauck, Yvonne, Fisher, Colleen, Byrne, Jean and Bayes, Sara. (2016). Mindfulness-based childbirth education : Incorporating adult and experiential learning with mindfulness-based stress reduction in childbirth education. The Journal of Perinatal Education. 25(3), pp. 162-173. https://doi.org/10.1891/1058-1243.25.3.162
Nursing education in China : Meeting the global demand for quality healthcare
Wang, Carol Chunfeng, Whitehead, Lisa and Bayes, Sara. (2016). Nursing education in China : Meeting the global demand for quality healthcare. International Journal of Nursing Studies. 3(1), pp. 131-136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2016.02.009
Readiness for practice change : Evaluation of a tool for the Australian midwifery context
Bayes, Sara, Fenwick, Jennifer and Jennings, David. (2016). Readiness for practice change : Evaluation of a tool for the Australian midwifery context. Women and Birth. 29(3), pp. 240-244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wombi.2015.11.001
Parents' experiences of caring for preterm infants after discharge from Neonatal Intensive Care Unit : A meta-synthesis of the literature
Adama, Esther Abena, Bayes, Sara and Sundin, Deborah. (2016). Parents' experiences of caring for preterm infants after discharge from Neonatal Intensive Care Unit : A meta-synthesis of the literature. Journal of Neonatal Nursing. 22(1), pp. 27-51.
Exploring midwives' perception of confidence around facilitating water birth in Western Australia : A qualitative descriptive study
Nicholls, Sarah, Hauck, Yvonne L., Bayes, Sara and Butt, Janice. (2016). Exploring midwives' perception of confidence around facilitating water birth in Western Australia : A qualitative descriptive study. Midwifery. 33, pp. 73-81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2015.10.010
The relationship is everything : Women’s reasons for choosing a privately practising midwife in Western Australia
Davison, Clare, Hauck, Yvonne L., Bayes, Sara J., Kuliukas, Lesley J. and Wood, Jennifer. (2015). The relationship is everything : Women’s reasons for choosing a privately practising midwife in Western Australia. Midwifery. 31(8), pp. 772-778. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2015.04.012
Australian midwifery students’ views about profession-specific peer mentoring
Bayes, Sara Jayne, Collyer, Doreen, Dobbs, Kirsten and Walsh, Laura. (2014). Australian midwifery students’ views about profession-specific peer mentoring. Eculture. 7, pp. 1-10.
Effectiveness of a mindfulness-based childbirth education pilot study on maternal self-efficacy and fear of childbirth
Byrne, Jean, Hauck, Yvonne, Fisher, Colleen, Bayes, Sara and Schutze, Robert. (2014). Effectiveness of a mindfulness-based childbirth education pilot study on maternal self-efficacy and fear of childbirth. Journal of Midwifery & Womens Health. 59(2), pp. 192-197. https://doi.org/10.1111/jmwh.12075