The effect of calcium and vitamin D supplementation on bone health of male Jockeys

Journal article


Silk, Leslie N., Greene, David A., Baker, Michael K. and Jander, Caron B.. (2017). The effect of calcium and vitamin D supplementation on bone health of male Jockeys. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport. 20(3), pp. 225 - 229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2016.08.004
AuthorsSilk, Leslie N., Greene, David A., Baker, Michael K. and Jander, Caron B.
Abstract

Objectives: Engagement in high volumes of physical activity coupled with energy restriction during periods of musculoskeletal development may compromise bone health. Jockeys limit caloric intakes on a weekly basis often from their mid-to-late teens. The aim of this study was to establish whether calcium and vitamin Dsupplementation would improve bone turnover markers (BTM) and non-weight bearing bone properties of young male jockeys. Design: A six-month randomised, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial with two groups of apprentice male jockeys was conducted. Methods: Participants (age 20.18 ± 3.23 years) were supplemented with 800 mg of calcium and 400 IU of vitamin D (n = 8) or a placebo (n = 9) daily. Bone properties were assessed at the ultra-distal (4%) and proximal (66%) radius using pQCT at baseline and six months. Vitamin D, P1NP and CTX were assessed. Results: ANCOVA results for blood-borne markers indicated higher vitamin D levels (18.1%, p = 0.014, partial η2 = 0.38) and lower CTX (ng·L−1) (−24.8%, p = 0.011, partial η2 = 0.40) in the supplemented group with no differences observed in P1NP. Analysis of bone variables indicated no between group differences in either trabecular or cortical bone properties at the 4% and 66% sites post-intervention. Conclusions: This trial is the first to examine the efficacy of calcium and vitamin D supplementation in improving non-weight bearing bone properties in a young male athletic population. Results indicate positive alterations to bone metabolism; however, longer duration or higher dosage appears to be required to detect changes in bone material properties at the radius. Further examination of such interventions in weight-restricted athletes is warranted.

Keywordsperipheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT); radius; weight-restricted; bone turnover markers
Year2017
JournalJournal of Science and Medicine in Sport
Journal citation20 (3), pp. 225 - 229
PublisherElsevier
ISSN1440-2440
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2016.08.004
Scopus EID2-s2.0-84997207411
Page range225 - 229
Research GroupSports Performance, Recovery, Injury and New Technologies (SPRINT) Research Centre
Publisher's version
File Access Level
Controlled
Place of publicationUnited Kingdom
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Silk, Leslie, Greene, David and Baker, Michael. (2015). The effect of calcium or calcium and vitamin d supplementation on bone mineral density in healthy males : A systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism. 25(5), pp. 510 - 524. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2014-0202
Safety, tolerability, and efficacy of PBT2 in Huntington's disease: A phase 2, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
Angus, D., Herd, C., Stone, C., Stout, Julie, Wieler, Marguerite, Reilmann, Ralf, Ritchie, C. W., Dorsey, Earl Ray, Helles, K., Kayson, Elise, Oakes, David, Rosas, Herminia Diana, Vaughan, Carr J., Panegyres, Peter K., Ames, David J., Goh, Anita, Agarwal, Pinky, Churchyard, Andrew, Murathodizic, M., ... Targum, S.. (2015). Safety, tolerability, and efficacy of PBT2 in Huntington's disease: A phase 2, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Neurology. 14(1), pp. 39 - 47. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(14)70262-5
Reductions in C-reactive protein in older adults with type 2 diabetes are related to improvements in body composition following a randomized controlled trial of resistance training
Mavros, Yorgi, Kay, Shelley, Simpson, Kylie, Baker, Michael, Wang, Yi, Zhao, Renru, Meiklejohn, Jacinda, Climstein, Michael, O'Sullivan, Anthony and De Vos, Nathan. (2014). Reductions in C-reactive protein in older adults with type 2 diabetes are related to improvements in body composition following a randomized controlled trial of resistance training. Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle. 5(2), pp. 111 - 120. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13539-014-0134-1
Is a gymnast's performance and health affected by Vitamin D deficiency?
Bradshaw, Elizabeth J., Thomas, Kylie, Moresi, Mark, Greene, David, Braybon, Wendy, McGillivray, Kate and Andrew, Kylie. (2014). Is a gymnast's performance and health affected by Vitamin D deficiency? In K Sato, W Sands and S Mizuguchi (Ed.). ISBS - Conference Proceedings Archive. Germany: International Society of Biomechanics in Sports. pp. 344 - 348
Reproducibility of a peripheral quantitative computed tomography scan protocol to measure the material properties of the second metatarsal
Chaplais, Elodie, Greene, David, Hood, Anita, Telfer, Scott, du Toit, Verona, Singh-Grewal, Davinder, Burns, Joshua, Rome, Keith, Schiferl, Daniel and Hendry, Gordon. (2014). Reproducibility of a peripheral quantitative computed tomography scan protocol to measure the material properties of the second metatarsal. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. 15(242), pp. 1 - 6. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2474-15-242
Influence of a season of athletic training on leg and joint stiffness in high level netballers
Millett, Emma, Moresi, Mark, Watsford, Mark, Taylor, Paul and Greene, David. (2014). Influence of a season of athletic training on leg and joint stiffness in high level netballers. In K Sato, W Sands and S Mizuguchi (Ed.). ISBS - Conference Proceedings Archive. Germany: International Society of Biomechanics in Sports. pp. 478 - 481
Biomechanical field test observations of gymnasts entering puberty
Bradshaw, Elizabeth, Thomas, Kylie, Moresi, Mark, Greene, David, Braybon, Wendy, McGillivray, Kate and Andrew, Kylie. (2014). Biomechanical field test observations of gymnasts entering puberty. In K Sato, W Sands and S Mizuguchi (Ed.). ISBS - Conference Proceedings Archive. Germany: International Society of Biomechanics in Sports. pp. 349 - 352
Bone health of apprentice jockeys using peripheral quantitative computed tomography
Greene, David, Naughton, Geraldine A., Jander, Caron and Cullen, Sarah-Jane. (2013). Bone health of apprentice jockeys using peripheral quantitative computed tomography. International Journal of Sports Medicine. 34(8), pp. 688 - 694. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0032-1333213
Calcium and vitamin D supplementation on bone structural properties in peripubertal female identical twins
Greene, David. (2013). Calcium and vitamin D supplementation on bone structural properties in peripubertal female identical twins [Dataset]. Australian Catholic University. https://doi.org/10.26199/acu.8v0xy
Intra-limb variability and inter-limb asymmetry in gymnastics jump tests
Moresi, Mark Peter, Bradshaw, Elizabeth, Thomas, Kylie, Greene, David and Braybon, Wendy. (2013). Intra-limb variability and inter-limb asymmetry in gymnastics jump tests. In T-Y Shiang, W-H Ho and P C Huang & C L Tsai (Ed.). 31 International Conference on Biomechanics in Sports 2013. Taiwan: International Society of Biomechanics in Sports. pp. 1 - 5
Skeletal adaptations associated with pre-pubertal gymnastics participation as determined by DXA and pQCT : A systematic review and meta-analysis
Burt, Lauren, Greene, David, Ducher, Gaele and Naughton, Geraldine. (2013). Skeletal adaptations associated with pre-pubertal gymnastics participation as determined by DXA and pQCT : A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2012.07.006
Relationship of leg stiffness measures during basic and sports specific movement tasks in high level netballers
Millett, Emma, Moresi, Mark Peter, Watsford, Mark, Taylor, Paul G. and Greene, David. (2013). Relationship of leg stiffness measures during basic and sports specific movement tasks in high level netballers. In T-Y Shiang, W Ho and P C Huang & C L Tsai (Ed.). 31 International Conference on Biomechanics in Sports 2013. Taiwan: International Society of Biomechanics in Sports. pp. 1 - 4
A systematic review of pre-surgical exercise intervention studies with cancer patients
Singh, Favil, Newton, U, Galvao, Daniel, Spry, Nigel and Baker, Michael. (2013). A systematic review of pre-surgical exercise intervention studies with cancer patients. Surgical Oncology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.suronc.2013.01.004
Gymnastics participation is associated with skeletal benefits in the distal forearm : a 6-month study using peripheral Quantitative Computed Tomography
Burt, Lauren, Ducher, Gaele, Naughton, Geraldine, Courteix, Daniel and Greene, David. (2013). Gymnastics participation is associated with skeletal benefits in the distal forearm : a 6-month study using peripheral Quantitative Computed Tomography. The Journal of Musculoskeletal and Neuronal Interactions.
Long-term effects of intermittent androgren suppression therapy on lean and fat mass : a 33 month prospective study
Spry, Nigel, Taaffe, D R., England, P J., Judge, J S., Stephens, D A., Peddle-McIntyre, C, Baker, Michael, Newton, R and Galvao, Daniel. (2013). Long-term effects of intermittent androgren suppression therapy on lean and fat mass : a 33 month prospective study. Prostate Cancer and Prostatic Diseases. https://doi.org/10.1038/pcan.2012.33
Changes in insulin resistance and HbA1c are related to exercise-mediated changes in body composition in older adults with Type 2 Diabetes : Interim outcomes from the GREAT2DO trial
Mavros, Yorgi, Kay, Shelley, Anderberg, Kylie, Baker, Michael K., Wang, Yi, Zhao, Renru, Meiklejohn, Jacinda, Climstein, Mike, O'Sullivan, Anthony and De Vos, Nathan. (2013). Changes in insulin resistance and HbA1c are related to exercise-mediated changes in body composition in older adults with Type 2 Diabetes : Interim outcomes from the GREAT2DO trial. Diabetes Care. 36(8), pp. 2372 - 2379. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc12-2196
Lower limb musculoskeletal stiffness can predict overuse injuries in high level adolecsent female athletes
Moresi, Mark, Bradshaw, Elizabeth, Greene, David and Naughton, Geraldine. (2012). Lower limb musculoskeletal stiffness can predict overuse injuries in high level adolecsent female athletes. In E J Bradshaw, A Burnett and P A Hume (Ed.). 30th Conference of the International Society of Biomechanics in Sports. Australia: International Society of Biomechanics. pp. 175 - 178
Non-elite gymnastics participation is associated with greater bone strength, muscle size, and function in pre- and early pubertal girls
Burt, Lauren, Naughton, Geraldine, Greene, David and Courteix, Daniel. (2012). Non-elite gymnastics participation is associated with greater bone strength, muscle size, and function in pre- and early pubertal girls. Osteoporosis International. 23(4), pp. 1277 - 1286. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-011-1677-z
Mechanical loading with or without weight-bearing activity : Influence on bone strength index in elite female adolescent athletes engaged in water polo, gymnastics, and track-and-field
Greene, David, Naughton, Geraldine, Bradshaw, Elizabeth, Moresi, Mark and Ducher, Gaele. (2012). Mechanical loading with or without weight-bearing activity : Influence on bone strength index in elite female adolescent athletes engaged in water polo, gymnastics, and track-and-field. Journal of Bone and Mineral Metabolism. 30(5), pp. 580 - 587. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00774-012-0360-6
Lower limb musculoskeletal stiffness can predict overuse injuries in high level adolecsent female athletes
Moresi, Mark Peter, Bradshaw, Elizabeth, Greene, David and Naughton, Geraldine A.. (2012). Lower limb musculoskeletal stiffness can predict overuse injuries in high level adolecsent female athletes. In E J Bradshaw, A Burnett and P A Hume (Ed.). 30th Conference of the International Society of Biomechanics in Sports. Australia: International Society of Biomechanics. pp. 175 - 178
Exercise prescriptions for patients with type 2 diabetes and pre-diabetes : A position statement from Exercise and Sports Science Australia
Hordern, Matthew, Dunstan, David, Prins, Johannes, Baker, Michael, Fiatarone Singh, Maria and Coombes, Jeff. (2012). Exercise prescriptions for patients with type 2 diabetes and pre-diabetes : A position statement from Exercise and Sports Science Australia. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport. 15(1), pp. 25 - 31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2011.04.005
Study of Mental Activity and Regular Training (SMART) in at risk individuals: A randomised double blind, sham controlled, longitudinal trial
Gates, Nicola, Valenzuela, Michael, Sachdev, Peminder, Singh, Nalin, Baune, Bernhard, Brodaty, Henry, Suo, Chao, Jain, Nidhi, Wilson, Guy, Wang, Yi, Baker, Michael, Williamson, Dominique, Foroughi, Nasim and Fiatarone Singh, Maria Antoinette. (2011). Study of Mental Activity and Regular Training (SMART) in at risk individuals: A randomised double blind, sham controlled, longitudinal trial. BMC Geriatrics. 11(19), pp. 19 - 33. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2318-11-19
Behavioral strategies in diabetes prevention programs :A systematic review of randomized controlled trials
Baker, Michael, Simpson, Kylie, Lloyd, Bradley, Bauman, Adrian and Fiatarone Singh, Maria. (2011). Behavioral strategies in diabetes prevention programs :A systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice. 91(1), pp. 1 - 12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2010.06.030
Lower limb muscle strengthening does not change frontal plane moments in women with knee osteoarthritis :A randomized controlled trial
Foroughi, Nasim, Smith, Richard, Lange, Angela, Baker, Michael, Fiatarone Singh, Maria and Vanwanseele, Benedicte. (2011). Lower limb muscle strengthening does not change frontal plane moments in women with knee osteoarthritis :A randomized controlled trial. Clinical Biomechanics. 26(2), pp. 167 - 174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2010.08.011
A randomized controlled trial of whole body vibration exposure on markers of bone turnover in postmenopausal women
Turner, Sarah, Torode, Margaret Ellen, Climstein, Michael, Naughton, Geraldine, Greene, David, Baker, Michael and Fiatarone Singh, Maria. (2011). A randomized controlled trial of whole body vibration exposure on markers of bone turnover in postmenopausal women. Journal of Osteoporosis. 2011(1), pp. 1 - 10. https://doi.org/10.4061/2011/710387
Core self-evaluation as a predictor of strength training adoption in older adults
Baker, Michael, Kennedy, David, Bohle, Philip, Campbell, Deena, Wiltshire, James and Fiatarone Singh, Maria Antoinette. (2011). Core self-evaluation as a predictor of strength training adoption in older adults. Maturitas. 68(1), pp. 88 - 93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2010.10.001
Efficacy and safety of a modular multi-modal exercise program in prostate cancer patients with bone metastases: a randomized controlled trial
Galvao, Daniel, Taaffe, D R, Cormie, P, Spry, Nigel, Chambers, Suzanne, Peddle-McIntyre, C, Baker, Michael, Denham, James, Joseph, David and Groom, Geoff. (2011). Efficacy and safety of a modular multi-modal exercise program in prostate cancer patients with bone metastases: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Cancer. 11(13), pp. 517 - 523. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2407-11-517
A systematic review and meta-analysis on the effect of aerobic vs. resistance exercise training on visceral fat
Ismail, I, Keating, S, Baker, Michael and Johnson, Nathan. (2011). A systematic review and meta-analysis on the effect of aerobic vs. resistance exercise training on visceral fat. Obesity Reviews. 13(1), pp. 68 - 91. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-789X.2011.00931.x
Calcium and vitamin-D supplementation on bone structural properties in peripubertal female identical twins: A randomised controlled trial
Greene, David A. and Naughton, Geraldine A,. (2011). Calcium and vitamin-D supplementation on bone structural properties in peripubertal female identical twins: A randomised controlled trial. Osteoporosis International (print version). 22(2), pp. 489 - 498. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-010-1317-z
The assessment of adolescent female athletes using standing and reactive long jumps
Moresi, Mark Peter, Bradshaw, Elizabeth, Greene, David A. and Naughton, Geraldine A.. (2011). The assessment of adolescent female athletes using standing and reactive long jumps. Sports Biomechanics (print version). 10(2), pp. 73 - 84. https://doi.org/10.1080/14763141.2011.569564
Skeletal differences at the ulna and radius between pre-pubertal non-elite female gymnasts and non-gymnasts
Burt, Lauren A., Naughton, Geraldine A., Greene, David A. and Ducher, Gaele. (2011). Skeletal differences at the ulna and radius between pre-pubertal non-elite female gymnasts and non-gymnasts. The Journal of Musculoskeletal and Neuronal Interactions. 11(3), pp. 227 - 233.
Upper body bone strength in pre-pubertal, non-elite gymnasts and non-gymnasts
Burt, Lauren, Naughton, Geraldine, Greene, David and Ducher, Gaele. (2010). Upper body bone strength in pre-pubertal, non-elite gymnasts and non-gymnasts. Be Active 2012 : Australian Conference of Science and Medicine in Sport. Sydney Convention and Exhibition Centre, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia 31 Oct - 03 Nov 2012 Australia: Elsevier. pp. 37 - 37
The relationship between knee adduction moment and cartilage and meniscus morphology in women with osteoarthritis
Vanwanseele, Benedicte, Eckstein, Felix, Smith, Richard, Lange, Angela, Foroughi, Nasim, Baker, Michael, Shnier, Ron and Fiatarone Singh, Maria Antoinette. (2010). The relationship between knee adduction moment and cartilage and meniscus morphology in women with osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage. 18(7), pp. 894 - 901. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joca.2010.04.006
Whole body vibration for preventing and treating osteoporosis (protocol)
Lorenzen, Christian, Naughton, Geraldine, Cameron, Lainie, Williams, Morgan and Greene, David. (2010). Whole body vibration for preventing and treating osteoporosis (protocol). Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews.
Jump kinetics, bone health and nutrition in elite adolescent female athletes
Greene, David Anthony, Moresi, Mark Peter, Naughton, Geraldine Ann and Bradshaw, Elizabeth Jane. (2010). Jump kinetics, bone health and nutrition in elite adolescent female athletes. XXVIIIth International of Society of Bioemchanics in Sports Conference. USA: International Society of Biomechanics. pp. 191 - 194
Calcium and vitamin-D supplementation on bone structural properties in peripubertal female identical twins: A randomised controlled trial
Greene, David A. and Naughton, Geraldine A.. (2010). Calcium and vitamin-D supplementation on bone structural properties in peripubertal female identical twins: A randomised controlled trial. Osteoporosis International. 22(2), pp. 489 - 498. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-010-1317-z
Dynamic alignment and its association with knee adduction moment in medial knee osteoarthritis
Foroughi, Nasim, Smith, Richard, Lange, Angela, Baker, Michael, Fiatarone Singh, Maria and Vanwanseele, Benedicte. (2010). Dynamic alignment and its association with knee adduction moment in medial knee osteoarthritis. The Knee. 17(3), pp. 210 - 216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.knee.2009.09.006
Effect of standing posture during whole body vibration training on muscle morphology and function in older adults: A randomised controlled trial
Mikhael, Monica, Orr, Rhonda, Amsen, Fleur, Greene, David and Fiatarone Singh, Maria. (2010). Effect of standing posture during whole body vibration training on muscle morphology and function in older adults: A randomised controlled trial. BMC Geriatrics. 10(74), pp. 1 - 13. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2318-10-74
Recreational gymnastics: strengthening the musculoskeletal system in young girls
Burt, Lauren, Naughton, Geraldine, Greene, David and Ducher, Gaele. (2010). Recreational gymnastics: strengthening the musculoskeletal system in young girls. American society for bone and mineral research annual meeting. United States of America: American Society for Bone and Mineral Research. pp. 15 - 15
Influence of drop-landing exercises on bone geometry and biomechanical properties in prepubertal girls: A randomized controlled study
Greene, David A., Wiebe, Peter N. and Naughton, Geraldine A.. (2009). Influence of drop-landing exercises on bone geometry and biomechanical properties in prepubertal girls: A randomized controlled study. Calcified Tissue International. 85(2), pp. 94 - 103. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00223-009-9253-7
Resistive exercise for arthritic cartilage health (REACH): A randomized double-blind, sham-exercise controlled trial
Lange, Angela K., Vanwanseele, Benedicte, Foroughi, Nasim, Baker, Michael Kevin, Shnier, Ronald C., Smith, Richard M. and Singh, Maria Fiatarone. (2009). Resistive exercise for arthritic cartilage health (REACH): A randomized double-blind, sham-exercise controlled trial. BMC Geriatrics. 9(1), pp. 1 - 10. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2318-9-1
Bone health and strength of elite female adolescent athletes engaged in water polo, gymnastics and track-and-field
Naughton, Geraldine and Greene, David. (2008). Bone health and strength of elite female adolescent athletes engaged in water polo, gymnastics and track-and-field [Dataset]. Australian Catholic University. https://doi.org/10.26199/acu.8qvq9
Explosive and reactive horizontal jump assessment: Reliability and validity for athletic populations
Moresi, Mark Peter, Greene, David Anthony, Bradshaw, Elizabeth Jane and Naughton, Geraldine Ann. (2008). Explosive and reactive horizontal jump assessment: Reliability and validity for athletic populations. In Young-Hoo Kwon, Jaeho Shim and Jae Kun Shim & In-Sik Shin (Ed.). XXVI International Conference on Biomechanics; in Sports. Seoul, Korea: Seoul National University. pp. 514 - 517
Obesity effects on depression: Systematic review of epidemiological studies
Atlantis, Evan and Baker, Michael Kevin. (2008). Obesity effects on depression: Systematic review of epidemiological studies. International Journal of Obesity. 32(6), pp. 881 - 891. https://doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2008.54
Multi-modal exercise programs for older adults
Baker, Michael, Atlantis, Evan and Fiatarone Singh, Maria. (2007). Multi-modal exercise programs for older adults. Age and Ageing. 36, pp. 375 - 381. https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afm054
Efficacy and feasibility of a novel tri-modal robust exercise prescription in a retirement community : A randomized, controlled trial
Baker, Michael, Kennedy, David, Bohle, Philip, Campbell, Deena, Knapman, Leona, Grady, Jodie, Wiltshire, James, McNamara, Maria, Evans, William and Fiatarone Singh, Maria. (2007). Efficacy and feasibility of a novel tri-modal robust exercise prescription in a retirement community : A randomized, controlled trial. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 55, pp. 1 - 10. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2006.01031.x
Degenerative meniscus tears and mobility impairment in women with knee osteoarthritis
Lange, Angela, Fiatarone Singh, Maria, Smith, Richard, Foroughi, Nasim, Baker, Michael, Shnier, Ron and Vanwanseele, Benedicte. (2007). Degenerative meniscus tears and mobility impairment in women with knee osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage. 15(6), pp. 701 - 708. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joca.2006.11.004
Effect of a six-month training programme on the physical capacities of Romanian schoolchildren
Greene, David, Serbescu, Carmen, Flora, D., Hantiu, Iacob, Benhamou, Claude Laurent and Courteix, Daniel. (2006). Effect of a six-month training programme on the physical capacities of Romanian schoolchildren. Acta Paediatrica. 10(10), pp. 1258 - 1265. https://doi.org/10.1080/08035250600599719
A challenge to fitness testing in primary schools
Naughton, Geraldine, Greene, David and Carlson, John. (2006). A challenge to fitness testing in primary schools. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport. 9(February), pp. 40 - 45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2006.01.002
Assessment of bone strength at differentially-loaded skeletal regions in adolescent middle-distance runners
Greene, David, Naughton, Geraldine, Briody, Julie, Kemp, Allan and Woodhead, Helen. (2006). Assessment of bone strength at differentially-loaded skeletal regions in adolescent middle-distance runners. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport. 9(3), pp. 221 - 230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2006.03.030
Adaptive skeletal responses to mechanical loading during adolescence
Greene, David and Naughton, Geraldine A.. (2006). Adaptive skeletal responses to mechanical loading during adolescence. Sports Medicine. 36(9), pp. 723 - 732. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200636090-00001
Bone and muscle geometry in female adolescent middle-distance runners
Greene, David, Naughton, Geraldine, Briody, Julie, Kemp, Allan and Woodhead, Helen. (2005). Bone and muscle geometry in female adolescent middle-distance runners. Pediatric Exercise Science. 17(4), pp. 377 - 389. https://doi.org/10.1123/pes.17.4.377
Exercise type, musculoskeletal health and injury risk factors in adolescent middle-distance runners
Greene, David. (2005). Exercise type, musculoskeletal health and injury risk factors in adolescent middle-distance runners [Thesis]. https://doi.org/10.4226/66/5a94b3b15e4b9
Bone strength index in adolescent girls: Does physical activity make a difference?
Greene, David, Naughton, Geraldine, Briody, Julie and Corrigan, L.. (2005). Bone strength index in adolescent girls: Does physical activity make a difference? British Journal of Sports Medicine. 39(9), pp. 622 - 627. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2004.014498