Internalized sexual stigma and mental health outcomes for gay, lesbian, and bisexual Asian Americans : The moderating role of guilt and shame

Journal article

Tan, Kian Jin and Anderson, Joel R.. (2024). Internalized sexual stigma and mental health outcomes for gay, lesbian, and bisexual Asian Americans : The moderating role of guilt and shame. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 21(4), p. Article 384. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21040384
AuthorsTan, Kian Jin and Anderson, Joel R.
Abstract

The literature unequivocally demonstrates that lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) individuals experience disproportionate mental health and social wellbeing impacts. Here, we respond to recent calls for research in the field of sexual minority health to better understand why various overlapping and intersecting identities can further drive health disparities. In this paper, we focus on the specific intersections of ethnicity and sexuality for Asian LGB individuals and the role of internalized stigma in driving poorer mental health outcomes for this group. We recruited 148 LGB Asian participants residing in the United States (Mage = 22.82 years, SD = 4.88) to participate in our online cross-sectional survey in which we collected data on their internalized stigma, levels of guilt and shame about their sexuality, and measures of depression, anxiety, and distress. Contrary to our predictions, there were no bivariate relationships between internalized sexual stigma and any of the mental health outcomes. However, a parallel mediation analysis revealed that guilt, but not shame, mediates the relationship between internalized sexual stigma and all mental health outcomes (depression, anxiety, and stress) for LGB Asian American individuals. This research highlights the important of exploring additional variables that may exacerbate of protect against poor mental health for individuals with multiple intersecting identities.

Keywordsinternalized sexual stigma; mental health; shame; guilt; Asian American; lesbian; gay bisexual
Year2024
JournalInternational Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
Journal citation21 (4), p. Article 384
PublisherMultidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI AG)
ISSN1661-7827
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21040384
PubMed ID38673297
Scopus EID2-s2.0-85191637652
PubMed Central IDPMC11050226
Open accessPublished as ‘gold’ (paid) open access
Page range1-13
FunderAustralian Research Council (ARC)
Publisher's version
License
File Access Level
Open
Output statusPublished
Publication dates
Online22 Mar 2024
Publication process dates
Accepted17 Mar 2024
Deposited28 May 2025
ARC Funded ResearchThis output has been funded, wholly or partially, under the Australian Research Council Act 2001
Grant IDDE230101636
Additional information

© 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Lady injustice : The moderating effect of ambivalent sexism in a mock case of intimate partner homicide
Cutroni, Laura and Anderson, Joel. (2021). Lady injustice : The moderating effect of ambivalent sexism in a mock case of intimate partner homicide. Criminal Justice and Behavior. 48(3), pp. 373-390. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093854820967704
Identity integration as a protective factor against guilt and shame for religious gay Men
Anderson, Joel R. and Koc, Yasin. (2020). Identity integration as a protective factor against guilt and shame for religious gay Men. The Journal of Sex Research. 57(8), pp. 1059-1068. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2020.1767026
Toward making sexual and gender diverse populations count in Australia
Lyons, Anthony, Anderson, Joel, Rasmussen, Mary Lou and Gray, Edith. (2020). Toward making sexual and gender diverse populations count in Australia. Australian Population Studies. 4(2), pp. 14-29. https://doi.org/10.37970/aps.v4i2.69
Gender diversity and safety climate perceptions in schools and other youth-serving organisations
Russell, Douglas H., Anderson, Joel R., Riggs, Damien W., Ullman, Jacqueline and Higgins, Daryl J.. (2020). Gender diversity and safety climate perceptions in schools and other youth-serving organisations. Children and Youth Services Review. 117, p. 105334. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105334
Country-level and individual-level predictors of men's support for gender equality in 42 countries
Kosakowska-Berezecka, Natasza, Besta, Tomasz, Bosson, Jennifer K., Jurek, Paweł, Vandello, Joesph A., Best, Deborah L., Wlodarczyk, Anna, Safdar, Saba, Zawisza, Magdalena, Żadkowska, Magdalena, Sobiecki, Jurand, Agyemang, Collins Badu, Akbaş, Gülçin, Ammirati, Soline, Anderson, Joel, Anjum, Gulnaz, Aruta, John Jamir Benzon R., Ashraf, Mujeeba, Bakaitytė, Aistė, ... Žukauskienė, Rita. (2020). Country-level and individual-level predictors of men's support for gender equality in 42 countries. European Journal of Social Psychology. 50(6), pp. 1276-1291. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2696
A systematic literature review exploring objectification and motherhood
Beech, Olivia Donati, Kaufmann, Leah and Anderson, Joel. (2020). A systematic literature review exploring objectification and motherhood. Psychology of Women Quarterly. 44(4), pp. 521-538. https://doi.org/10.1177/0361684320949810
A qualitative exploration of the impact of the marriage equality debate on same‐sex attracted Australians and their allies
Anderson, Joel R., Campbell, Marianne and Koc, Yasin. (2020). A qualitative exploration of the impact of the marriage equality debate on same‐sex attracted Australians and their allies. Australian Psychologist. 55(6), pp. 700-714. https://doi.org/10.1111/ap.12473
Facilitators and barriers of empowerment in family and domestic violence housing models : A systematic literature review
Martz, Julia R., Romero, Vivian and Anderson, Joel R.. (2020). Facilitators and barriers of empowerment in family and domestic violence housing models : A systematic literature review. Australian Psychologist. 55(5), pp. 440-454. https://doi.org/10.1111/ap.12454
Sex differences in self-construal and in depressive symptoms: Predictors of cross-national variation
Smith, Peter B., Easterbrook, Matthew J., al-Selim, Heyla, Miu Chi Lun, Vivian, Koc, Yasin, Gul, Pelin, Papastylianou, Dona, Grigoryan, Lusine, Torres, Claudio, Efremova, Maria, Hassan, Bushra, Ahmad, Abd Halim, Al-Bayati, Ahmed, Anderson, Joel, Cross, Susan E., Delfino, Gisela Isabel, Gamsakhurdia, Vladimer, Gavreliuc, Alin, Gavreliuc, Dana, ... Diaz Rivera, Paola Eunice. (2020). Sex differences in self-construal and in depressive symptoms: Predictors of cross-national variation. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology. 51(7-8), pp. 616 - 635. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022120939655
Heterosexual men’s attitudes towards homosexuality and ingroup distinctiveness : The role of perceived men’s feminisation
Iacoviello, Vincenzo, Valsecchi, Giulia, Berent, Jacques, Anderson, Joel and Falomir-Pichastor, Juan M.. (2020). Heterosexual men’s attitudes towards homosexuality and ingroup distinctiveness : The role of perceived men’s feminisation. Psychology and Sexuality. 11(1-2), pp. 45-61. https://doi.org/10.1080/19419899.2019.1675749
A systematic literature review of the relationship between dark personality traits and antisocial online behaviours
Moor, Lily and Anderson, Joel R.. (2019). A systematic literature review of the relationship between dark personality traits and antisocial online behaviours. Personality and Individual Differences. 144, pp. 40-55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2019.02.027
Predicting explicit and implicit attitudes towards gay men using the dual process model of prejudice and the dark tetrad
Moor, Lily, Kapelles, Tayla, Koc, Yasin and Anderson, Joel. (2019). Predicting explicit and implicit attitudes towards gay men using the dual process model of prejudice and the dark tetrad. Personality and Individual Differences. 151, pp. 1 - 8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2019.06.029
Risk factors or protective feature? The roles of grandiose and hypersensitive narcissism in explaining the relationship between self-objectification and body image concerns
Carrotte, Elise R. and Anderson, Joel. (2019). Risk factors or protective feature? The roles of grandiose and hypersensitive narcissism in explaining the relationship between self-objectification and body image concerns. Sex Roles: A Journal of research. 80(7 - 8), pp. 458 - 468. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-018-0948-y
Perceived men’s feminization and attitudes toward homosexuality: Heterosexual men’s reactions to the decline of the anti-femininity norm of masculinity
Falomir-Pichastor, Juan Manuel, Berent, Jacques and Anderson, Joel. (2019). Perceived men’s feminization and attitudes toward homosexuality: Heterosexual men’s reactions to the decline of the anti-femininity norm of masculinity. Sex Roles: A Journal of research. 81(3 - 4), pp. 208 - 222. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-018-0985-6
The dark triad, trait-based self-objectification, and body image concerns in young women
Dryden, Charlotte and Anderson, Joel. (2019). The dark triad, trait-based self-objectification, and body image concerns in young women. Personality and Individual Differences. 145, pp. 1 - 8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2019.03.015
Exploring the relationship between gay men’s self-and meta-stereotype endorsement with well-being and self-worth
Hinton, Jordan Daniel, Anderson, Joel and Koc, Yasin. (2019). Exploring the relationship between gay men’s self-and meta-stereotype endorsement with well-being and self-worth. Psychology and Sexuality. 10(2), pp. 169 - 182. https://doi.org/10.1080/19419899.2019.1577013
On the origin of beliefs about the sexual orientation and gender-role development of children raised by gay-male and heterosexual parents : An Italian study
Carnaghi, Andrea, Anderson, Joel and Bianchi, Mauro. (2018). On the origin of beliefs about the sexual orientation and gender-role development of children raised by gay-male and heterosexual parents : An Italian study. Men and Masculinities. 23(3-4), pp. 636-660. https://doi.org/10.1177/1097184X18775462
Does the Dark Triad predict prejudice?: The role of machiavellianism, psychopathy, and narcissism in explaining negativity toward asylum seekers
Anderson, Joel and Cheers, Christopher. (2018). Does the Dark Triad predict prejudice?: The role of machiavellianism, psychopathy, and narcissism in explaining negativity toward asylum seekers. Australian Psychologist. 53(3), pp. 271 - 281. https://doi.org/10.1111/ap.12283
Demographic and ideological correlates of negative attitudes towards asylum seekers: A meta-analytic review
Anderson, Joel and Ferguson, Rose. (2018). Demographic and ideological correlates of negative attitudes towards asylum seekers: A meta-analytic review. Australian Journal of Psychology. 70(1), pp. 18 - 29. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajpy.12162
iObjectify: Self- and other-objectification on Grindr, a geosocial networking application designed for men who have sex with men
Anderson, Joel, Holland, Elise, Koc, Yasin and Haslam, Nick. (2018). iObjectify: Self- and other-objectification on Grindr, a geosocial networking application designed for men who have sex with men. European Journal of Social Psychology. 48(5), pp. 600 - 613. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2350
The prejudice against asylum seekers scale: presenting the psychometric properties of a new measure of classical and conditional attitudes
Anderson, Joel. (2018). The prejudice against asylum seekers scale: presenting the psychometric properties of a new measure of classical and conditional attitudes. Journal of Social Psychology. 158(6), pp. 694 - 710. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224545.2017.1404958
Implicit acculturation and the academic adjustment of Chinese student sojourners in Australia
Anderson, Joel and Guan, Yao. (2018). Implicit acculturation and the academic adjustment of Chinese student sojourners in Australia. Australian Psychologist. 53(5), pp. 444 - 453. https://doi.org/10.1111/ap.12332
Revisiting the Jezebel stereotype: The impact of target race on sexual objectification
Anderson, Joel, Holland, Elise, Heldreth, Courtney and Johnson, Scott P.. (2018). Revisiting the Jezebel stereotype: The impact of target race on sexual objectification. Psychology of Women Quarterly. 42(4), pp. 461 - 476. https://doi.org/10.1177/0361684318791543
A systematic review of the relationship between trait self-objectification and personality traits
Carrotte, Elise Rose and Anderson, Joel. (2018). A systematic review of the relationship between trait self-objectification and personality traits. Personality and Individual Differences. 32, pp. 20 - 31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2018.05.015
Implicit and explicit attitudes towards asylum seekers in Australia : Demographic and ideological correlates
Anderson, Joel. (2017). Implicit and explicit attitudes towards asylum seekers in Australia : Demographic and ideological correlates. Australian Psychologist. 53(2), pp. 181-191. https://doi.org/10.1111/ap.12229
Predicting support for marriage equality in Australia
Anderson, Joel, Georgantis, Christina Olivia and Kapelles, Tayla. (2017). Predicting support for marriage equality in Australia. Australian Journal of Psychology. 69(4), pp. 256 - 262. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajpy.12164
Student engagement and the learning incentive program: Evidence and applications
Anderson, Joel. (2016). Student engagement and the learning incentive program: Evidence and applications. Sensoria: A Journal of Mind Brain and Culture. 12(1), pp. 28 - 37.
The person-based approach to measuring attitudes toward gay men and lesbians
Anderson, Joel. (2016). The person-based approach to measuring attitudes toward gay men and lesbians [Thesis]. https://doi.org/10.4226/66/5a9cbed8b0ba0
The academic adjustment scale : Measuring the adjustment of permanent resident or sojourner students
Anderson, Joel R., Guan, Yao and Koc, Yasin. (2016). The academic adjustment scale : Measuring the adjustment of permanent resident or sojourner students. International Journal of Intercultural Relations. 54, pp. 68-76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2016.07.006
The legacy of medicalising 'homosexuality': A discussion on the historical effects of non-heterosexual diagnostic classifications
Anderson, Joel and Holland, Elise. (2015). The legacy of medicalising 'homosexuality': A discussion on the historical effects of non-heterosexual diagnostic classifications. Sensoria: A Journal of Mind Brain and Culture. 11(1), pp. 4 - 15.
Sensoria special edition on sexual orientation and gender: Editorial
Anderson, Joel and Holland, Elise. (2015). Sensoria special edition on sexual orientation and gender: Editorial. Sensoria: A Journal of Mind Brain and Culture. 11(1), pp. 1 - 3.
Framing (implicitly) matters : The role of religion in attitudes toward immigrants and Muslims in Denmark
Anderson, Joel and Antalikova, Radka. (2014). Framing (implicitly) matters : The role of religion in attitudes toward immigrants and Muslims in Denmark. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology. 55(6), pp. 593 - 600. https://doi.org/10.1111/sjop.12161
Improving retention and graduation of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander students in initial teacher education programs
Lampert, Jo, Burnett, Bruce, Patton, Wendy A., Lee Hong, Anita and Anderson, Joel. (2013). Improving retention and graduation of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander students in initial teacher education programs. Journal of Australian Indigenous Issues. 16(4), pp. 27-42.
Report into the retention and graduation of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander students enrolled in initial teacher education
Lampert, Jo, Burnett, Bruce and Anderson, Joel. (2012). Report into the retention and graduation of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander students enrolled in initial teacher education Australia: University of South Australia.
Teachers' use of national test data to focus numeracy instruction
White, Paul and Anderson, J.. (2011). Teachers' use of national test data to focus numeracy instruction. In J. Clark, B. Kissane and J. Mousley (Ed.). Mathematics: Traditions and [new] practices: Proceedings of the 2011 AAMT-MERGA conference. Australia: AAMT and MERGA. pp. 777 - 785