Experiences of body image in the gender non-binary community : A qualitative analysis

Journal article

Burstall, Jaz, Tan, Kian Jin, de la Piedad Garcia, Xochitl and Anderson, Joel R.. (2024). Experiences of body image in the gender non-binary community : A qualitative analysis. Body Image. 51, p. Article 101762. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2024.101762
AuthorsBurstall, Jaz, Tan, Kian Jin, de la Piedad Garcia, Xochitl and Anderson, Joel R.
Abstract

Body image concerns are prevalent within transgender communities – many transgender people engage in disordered eating to suppress or accentuate secondary sex characteristics and reduce gender dysphoria. However, this research has mostly been conducted with binary transgender people. Here, we examine how non-binary people experience and relate to their bodies. Semi-structured one-on-one interviews were conducted with 13 gender non-binary individuals living in Australia. Photo elicitation techniques were utilised, and the transcribed interview data were analysed using reflexive thematic analysis. Six themes were identified: Expansive Understandings of Body Image, Body Image can be Linked to Gender Dysphoria, Cultivating a Preferred Body can Lead to Gender Euphoria, Appreciating Diversity in Non-Binary Body Ideals, The Androgynous Body Ideal is not Universally Accepted, and Experiencing the Body as Functional rather than Aesthetic. The present findings highlight the diversity of experiences of body image for non-binary people. The non-binary concept of body image was found to be expansive, stressing various physical attributes involved in social gender recognition and physiological sources of gender dysphoria. Some participants valued gender-affirming medical intervention, others were accepting of their bodies as they are, attributing their body confidence to the process of affirming their non-binary gender.

Keywordsbody image; body concerns; transgender; gender diverse; LGBT; non-binary
Year2024
JournalBody Image
Journal citation51, p. Article 101762
PublisherElsevier Ltd
ISSN1740-1445
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2024.101762
PubMed ID38970851
Scopus EID2-s2.0-85197703029
Open accessPublished as ‘gold’ (paid) open access
Page range1-11
FunderAustralian Research Council (ARC)
Publisher's version
License
File Access Level
Open
Output statusPublished
Publication dates
Online05 Jul 2024
Publication process dates
Accepted17 Jun 2024
Deposited06 May 2025
ARC Funded ResearchThis output has been funded, wholly or partially, under the Australian Research Council Act 2001
Grant IDDE230101636
Additional information

© 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Heterosexual men’s attitudes towards homosexuality and ingroup distinctiveness : The role of perceived men’s feminisation
Iacoviello, Vincenzo, Valsecchi, Giulia, Berent, Jacques, Anderson, Joel and Falomir-Pichastor, Juan M.. (2020). Heterosexual men’s attitudes towards homosexuality and ingroup distinctiveness : The role of perceived men’s feminisation. Psychology and Sexuality. 11(1-2), pp. 45-61. https://doi.org/10.1080/19419899.2019.1675749
A systematic literature review of the relationship between dark personality traits and antisocial online behaviours
Moor, Lily and Anderson, Joel R.. (2019). A systematic literature review of the relationship between dark personality traits and antisocial online behaviours. Personality and Individual Differences. 144, pp. 40-55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2019.02.027
Predicting explicit and implicit attitudes towards gay men using the dual process model of prejudice and the dark tetrad
Moor, Lily, Kapelles, Tayla, Koc, Yasin and Anderson, Joel. (2019). Predicting explicit and implicit attitudes towards gay men using the dual process model of prejudice and the dark tetrad. Personality and Individual Differences. 151, pp. 1 - 8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2019.06.029
Risk factors or protective feature? The roles of grandiose and hypersensitive narcissism in explaining the relationship between self-objectification and body image concerns
Carrotte, Elise R. and Anderson, Joel. (2019). Risk factors or protective feature? The roles of grandiose and hypersensitive narcissism in explaining the relationship between self-objectification and body image concerns. Sex Roles: A Journal of research. 80(7 - 8), pp. 458 - 468. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-018-0948-y
Perceived men’s feminization and attitudes toward homosexuality: Heterosexual men’s reactions to the decline of the anti-femininity norm of masculinity
Falomir-Pichastor, Juan Manuel, Berent, Jacques and Anderson, Joel. (2019). Perceived men’s feminization and attitudes toward homosexuality: Heterosexual men’s reactions to the decline of the anti-femininity norm of masculinity. Sex Roles: A Journal of research. 81(3 - 4), pp. 208 - 222. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-018-0985-6
The dark triad, trait-based self-objectification, and body image concerns in young women
Dryden, Charlotte and Anderson, Joel. (2019). The dark triad, trait-based self-objectification, and body image concerns in young women. Personality and Individual Differences. 145, pp. 1 - 8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2019.03.015
Do body checking and avoidance behaviours explain variance in disordered eating beyond attitudinal measures of body image?
Linardon, Jake, Fuller-Tyszkiewicz, Mathew, de la Piedad Garcia, Xochitl, Messer, Mariel and Brennan, Leah. (2019). Do body checking and avoidance behaviours explain variance in disordered eating beyond attitudinal measures of body image? Eating Behaviors. 32, pp. 7 - 11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eatbeh.2018.11.001
Exploring the relationship between gay men’s self-and meta-stereotype endorsement with well-being and self-worth
Hinton, Jordan Daniel, Anderson, Joel and Koc, Yasin. (2019). Exploring the relationship between gay men’s self-and meta-stereotype endorsement with well-being and self-worth. Psychology and Sexuality. 10(2), pp. 169 - 182. https://doi.org/10.1080/19419899.2019.1577013
On the origin of beliefs about the sexual orientation and gender-role development of children raised by gay-male and heterosexual parents : An Italian study
Carnaghi, Andrea, Anderson, Joel and Bianchi, Mauro. (2018). On the origin of beliefs about the sexual orientation and gender-role development of children raised by gay-male and heterosexual parents : An Italian study. Men and Masculinities. 23(3-4), pp. 636-660. https://doi.org/10.1177/1097184X18775462
Does the Dark Triad predict prejudice?: The role of machiavellianism, psychopathy, and narcissism in explaining negativity toward asylum seekers
Anderson, Joel and Cheers, Christopher. (2018). Does the Dark Triad predict prejudice?: The role of machiavellianism, psychopathy, and narcissism in explaining negativity toward asylum seekers. Australian Psychologist. 53(3), pp. 271 - 281. https://doi.org/10.1111/ap.12283
Demographic and ideological correlates of negative attitudes towards asylum seekers: A meta-analytic review
Anderson, Joel and Ferguson, Rose. (2018). Demographic and ideological correlates of negative attitudes towards asylum seekers: A meta-analytic review. Australian Journal of Psychology. 70(1), pp. 18 - 29. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajpy.12162
iObjectify: Self- and other-objectification on Grindr, a geosocial networking application designed for men who have sex with men
Anderson, Joel, Holland, Elise, Koc, Yasin and Haslam, Nick. (2018). iObjectify: Self- and other-objectification on Grindr, a geosocial networking application designed for men who have sex with men. European Journal of Social Psychology. 48(5), pp. 600 - 613. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2350
The prejudice against asylum seekers scale: presenting the psychometric properties of a new measure of classical and conditional attitudes
Anderson, Joel. (2018). The prejudice against asylum seekers scale: presenting the psychometric properties of a new measure of classical and conditional attitudes. Journal of Social Psychology. 158(6), pp. 694 - 710. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224545.2017.1404958
Implicit acculturation and the academic adjustment of Chinese student sojourners in Australia
Anderson, Joel and Guan, Yao. (2018). Implicit acculturation and the academic adjustment of Chinese student sojourners in Australia. Australian Psychologist. 53(5), pp. 444 - 453. https://doi.org/10.1111/ap.12332
Revisiting the Jezebel stereotype: The impact of target race on sexual objectification
Anderson, Joel, Holland, Elise, Heldreth, Courtney and Johnson, Scott P.. (2018). Revisiting the Jezebel stereotype: The impact of target race on sexual objectification. Psychology of Women Quarterly. 42(4), pp. 461 - 476. https://doi.org/10.1177/0361684318791543
A systematic review of the relationship between trait self-objectification and personality traits
Carrotte, Elise Rose and Anderson, Joel. (2018). A systematic review of the relationship between trait self-objectification and personality traits. Personality and Individual Differences. 32, pp. 20 - 31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2018.05.015
Psychosocial predictors of change in depressive symptoms following gastric banding surgery
Preiss, Kymberlie, Clarke, David, O'Brien, Paul, de la Piedad Garcia, Xochitl, Hindle, Annemarie and Brennan, Leah. (2018). Psychosocial predictors of change in depressive symptoms following gastric banding surgery. Obesity Surgery. 28(6), pp. 1578 - 1586. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11695-017-3055-1
The efficacy of cognitive-behavioral therapy for eating disorders : A systematic review and meta-analysis
Linardon, Jake, Wade, Tracey, de la Piedad Garcia, Xochitl and Brennan, Leah. (2017). The efficacy of cognitive-behavioral therapy for eating disorders : A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 85(11), pp. 1080-1094. https://doi.org/10.1037/ccp0000245
Early post-operative psychosocial and weight predictors of later outcome in bariatric surgery: A systematic literature review
Hindle, Annemarie, de la Piedad Garcia, Xochitl and Brennan, Leah. (2017). Early post-operative psychosocial and weight predictors of later outcome in bariatric surgery: A systematic literature review. Obesity Reviews. 18(3), pp. 317 - 334. https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.12496
Appetitive traits associated with higher and lower body mass index: Evaluating the validity of the adult eating behaviour questionnaire in an Australian sample
Mallan, Kimberley M., Fildes, Alison, de la Piedad Garcia, Xochitl, Drzezdzon, Jayne, Sampson, Matthew and Llewellyn, Clare. (2017). Appetitive traits associated with higher and lower body mass index: Evaluating the validity of the adult eating behaviour questionnaire in an Australian sample. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity. 14(1), pp. 130 - 137. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-017-0587-7
Psychotherapy for bulimia nervosa on symptoms of depression : A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
Linardon, Jake, Wade, Tracey, de la Piedad Garcia, Xochitl and Brennan, Leah. (2017). Psychotherapy for bulimia nervosa on symptoms of depression : A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. International Journal of Eating Disorders. 50(10), pp. 1124-1136. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.22763
Predictors, moderators, and mediators of treatment outcome following manualised cognitive-behavioural therapy for eating disorders: A systematic review
Linardon, Jake, de la Piedad Garcia, Xochitl and Brennan, Leah. (2017). Predictors, moderators, and mediators of treatment outcome following manualised cognitive-behavioural therapy for eating disorders: A systematic review. European Eating Disorders Review. 25(1), pp. 3 - 12. https://doi.org/10.1002/erv.2492
Implicit and explicit attitudes towards asylum seekers in Australia : Demographic and ideological correlates
Anderson, Joel. (2017). Implicit and explicit attitudes towards asylum seekers in Australia : Demographic and ideological correlates. Australian Psychologist. 53(2), pp. 181-191. https://doi.org/10.1111/ap.12229
Predicting support for marriage equality in Australia
Anderson, Joel, Georgantis, Christina Olivia and Kapelles, Tayla. (2017). Predicting support for marriage equality in Australia. Australian Journal of Psychology. 69(4), pp. 256 - 262. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajpy.12164
Psychological interventions for adults who are overweight or obese (protocol)
Brennan, Leah, Murphy, Kylie D., de la Piedad Garcia, Xochitl, Ellis, Miriam E., Metzendorf, Maria-Inti and McKenzie, Joanne E.. (2016). Psychological interventions for adults who are overweight or obese (protocol). Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2016(3), pp. 1 - 21. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD012114
Student engagement and the learning incentive program: Evidence and applications
Anderson, Joel. (2016). Student engagement and the learning incentive program: Evidence and applications. Sensoria: A Journal of Mind Brain and Culture. 12(1), pp. 28 - 37.
Rapid response to psychological treatments for eating disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Linardon, Jake, Brennan, Leah and de la Piedad Garcia, Xochitl. (2016). Rapid response to psychological treatments for eating disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Eating Disorders. 49(10), pp. 905 - 919. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.22595
Rapid response to eating disorder treatment: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Linardon, Jake, Brennan, Leah and De la Piedad Garcia, Xochitl. (2016). Rapid response to eating disorder treatment: A systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Eating Disorders. 49(10), pp. 905 - 919. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.22595
The person-based approach to measuring attitudes toward gay men and lesbians
Anderson, Joel. (2016). The person-based approach to measuring attitudes toward gay men and lesbians [Thesis]. https://doi.org/10.4226/66/5a9cbed8b0ba0
The academic adjustment scale : Measuring the adjustment of permanent resident or sojourner students
Anderson, Joel R., Guan, Yao and Koc, Yasin. (2016). The academic adjustment scale : Measuring the adjustment of permanent resident or sojourner students. International Journal of Intercultural Relations. 54, pp. 68-76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2016.07.006
The development and validation of the social networking experiences questionnaire : A measure of adolescent cyberbullying and its impact
Dredge, Rebecca, Gleeson, John and De la Piedad Garcia, Xochitl. (2015). The development and validation of the social networking experiences questionnaire : A measure of adolescent cyberbullying and its impact. Violence and Victims. 30(5), pp. 798 - 812. https://doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.VV-D-14-00040
The legacy of medicalising 'homosexuality': A discussion on the historical effects of non-heterosexual diagnostic classifications
Anderson, Joel and Holland, Elise. (2015). The legacy of medicalising 'homosexuality': A discussion on the historical effects of non-heterosexual diagnostic classifications. Sensoria: A Journal of Mind Brain and Culture. 11(1), pp. 4 - 15.
Sensoria special edition on sexual orientation and gender: Editorial
Anderson, Joel and Holland, Elise. (2015). Sensoria special edition on sexual orientation and gender: Editorial. Sensoria: A Journal of Mind Brain and Culture. 11(1), pp. 1 - 3.
Framing (implicitly) matters : The role of religion in attitudes toward immigrants and Muslims in Denmark
Anderson, Joel and Antalikova, Radka. (2014). Framing (implicitly) matters : The role of religion in attitudes toward immigrants and Muslims in Denmark. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology. 55(6), pp. 593 - 600. https://doi.org/10.1111/sjop.12161
Cyberbullying in social networking sites: An adolescent victim's perspective
Dredge, Rebecca, Gleeson, John and de la Piedad Garcia, Xochitl. (2014). Cyberbullying in social networking sites: An adolescent victim's perspective. Computers in Human Behavior. 36, pp. 13 - 20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.03.026
Risk factors associated with impact severity of cyberbullying victimization : A qualitative study of adolescent online social networking
Dredge, Rebecca, Gleeson, John and De la Piedad Garcia, Xochitl. (2014). Risk factors associated with impact severity of cyberbullying victimization : A qualitative study of adolescent online social networking. CyberPsychology, Behavior and Social Networking. 17(5), pp. 287 - 291. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2013.0541
Presentation on Facebook and risk of cyberbullying victimisation
Dredge, Rebecca, Gleeson, John and de la Piedad Garcia, Xochitl. (2014). Presentation on Facebook and risk of cyberbullying victimisation. Computers in Human Behavior. 40, pp. 16 - 22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.07.035
Improving retention and graduation of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander students in initial teacher education programs
Lampert, Jo, Burnett, Bruce, Patton, Wendy A., Lee Hong, Anita and Anderson, Joel. (2013). Improving retention and graduation of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander students in initial teacher education programs. Journal of Australian Indigenous Issues. 16(4), pp. 27-42.
Progress and limitations in the measurement of cyber bullying
Dredge, Rebecca Katherine, Gleeson, John Francis Martin and de la Piedad Garcia, Xochitl. (2013). Progress and limitations in the measurement of cyber bullying. In In R. Hanewald (Ed.). From cyber bullying to cyber safety: Issues and approaches in educational contexts pp. 271 - 288 Nova Science Publishers.
Prospective memory, emotional valence and multiple sclerosis
Rendell, Peter, Henry, Julie, Phillips, Louise, De la Piedad Garcia, Xochitl, Booth, Patricia, Phillips, Patricia and Kliegel, Matthias. (2012). Prospective memory, emotional valence and multiple sclerosis. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology. 34(7), pp. 734 - 749. https://doi.org/10.1080/13803395.2012.670388
Report into the retention and graduation of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander students enrolled in initial teacher education
Lampert, Jo, Burnett, Bruce and Anderson, Joel. (2012). Report into the retention and graduation of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander students enrolled in initial teacher education Australia: University of South Australia.
Prospective memory, emotional valence and ageing
Rendell, Peter, Phillips, L., Henry, J., Brumby-Rendell, Tristan, de la Piedad Garcia, Xochitl, Altgassen, M. and Kliegel, M.. (2011). Prospective memory, emotional valence and ageing. Cognition and Emotion (print version). 25(5), pp. 916 - 925. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2010.508610
Teachers' use of national test data to focus numeracy instruction
White, Paul and Anderson, J.. (2011). Teachers' use of national test data to focus numeracy instruction. In J. Clark, B. Kissane and J. Mousley (Ed.). Mathematics: Traditions and [new] practices: Proceedings of the 2011 AAMT-MERGA conference. Australia: AAMT and MERGA. pp. 777 - 785
The influence of prior choices on current choice
De la Piedad Garcia, Xochitl, Field, Douglas and Rachlin, Howard. (2006). The influence of prior choices on current choice. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior. 85(1), pp. 3 - 22. https://doi.org/10.1901/jeab.2006.132-04
The combined effects of delay and probability in discounting
Yi, Richard, De la Piedad Garcia, Xochitl and Bickel, Warren. (2006). The combined effects of delay and probability in discounting. Behavioural Processes. 73(2), pp. 149 - 155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beproc.2006.05.001