Built environments for physical activity : A longitudinal descriptive analysis of Sao Paulo city, Brazil

Journal article

Teixeira, Inaian Pignatti, Barbosa, João Paulo dos Anjos Souza, Barrozo, Ligia Vizeu, Hino, Adriano Akira Ferreira, Nakamura, Priscila Missaki, Andrade, Douglas Roque, Mavoa, Suzanne, Turrell, Gavin, Reis, Rodrigo Siqueira and Florindo, Alex Antonio. (2022). Built environments for physical activity : A longitudinal descriptive analysis of Sao Paulo city, Brazil. Cities & Health. 7(1), pp. 137-147. https://doi.org/10.1080/23748834.2022.2127173
AuthorsTeixeira, Inaian Pignatti, Barbosa, João Paulo dos Anjos Souza, Barrozo, Ligia Vizeu, Hino, Adriano Akira Ferreira, Nakamura, Priscila Missaki, Andrade, Douglas Roque, Mavoa, Suzanne, Turrell, Gavin, Reis, Rodrigo Siqueira and Florindo, Alex Antonio
Abstract

[English] City policies and plans play an important role in promoting physical activity through changes in the urban design and transportation systems. The objectives of this study were to describe longitudinal changes in the built environment relevant to leisure-time physical activity and active travel in Sao Paulo city, Brazil, between 2015 and 2020; to describe these changes according to regions of the city, census tracts’ income, and buffer zones around the residences of participants in a cohort. Using data from public online libraries, cross-checked with the specific municipal and state secretariats, the following were measured: public squares, parks, sports facilities, community clubs, outdoor gyms, bike paths, train or subway stations, bus terminals, and primary health care units. To quantify these attributes around the residences, four different buffers: 500 m and 1000 m radial buffers and 500 m and 1000 m network buffers were adopted. An increase was observed in outdoor gyms (+109.6%), bike paths (+67.7%), train or subway stations, bus terminals (+15.4%), sports facilities (+12.0%), and public squares (+8.7%). However, the changes differed according to the region, census tract income, and residential area. The results can serve to foster a discussion on the effects of local policies being executed. In addition, this study highlights important disparities in cities through the different levels evaluated.

[Spanish] Las políticas y los planes de la ciudad juegan un papel importante en la promoción de la actividad física a través de cambios en el diseño urbano y los sistemas de transporte. Los objetivos de este estudio fue describir los cambios longitudinales y relevantes en el entorno construido para la actividad física en el tiempo libre y los viajes activos en la ciudad de Sao Paulo, Brasil, entre 2015 y 2020; describir estos cambios según las regiones de la ciudad, los ingresos de las secciones censales y las zonas de amortiguamiento alrededor de las residencias de los participantes en una cohorte. Para ello se utilizarán datos de bibliotecas públicas en línea, cotejados con las secretarías municipales y estatales específicas, se midieron plazas públicas, parques, instalaciones deportivas, clubes comunitarios, gimnasios al aire libre, ciclovías, estaciones de tren o metro, terminales de autobuses y unidades de salud. Para cuantificar estos atributos alrededor de las residencias, se adoptaron cuatro zonas de amortiguamiento diferentes: zonas de amortiguamiento radiales de 500 m y 1000 m y zonas de amortiguamiento de red de 500 m y 1000 m. Se observó un aumento en gimnasios al aire libre (+109,6%), ciclovías (+67,7%), estaciones de tren o metro, terminales de ómnibus (+15,4%), instalaciones deportivas (+12,0%) y plazas públicas (+8,7%). Sin embargo, los cambios difirieron según la región, los ingresos del distrito censal y el área residencial. Los resultados pueden servir para fomentar una discusión sobre los efectos de las políticas locales que se están ejecutando. Además, este estudio destaca desigualdades importantes en las ciudades a través de los diferentes niveles evaluados.

[Portuguese] As políticas e planos da cidade desempenham um papel importante na promoção da atividade física por meio de mudanças no desenho urbano e nos sistemas de transporte. Os objetivos deste estudo foram descrever as mudanças longitudinais no ambiente construído, relevantes para a atividade física de lazer e viagens ativas na cidade de São Paulo, Brasil, entre 2015 e 2020; descrever essas mudanças segundo as regiões da cidade, renda dos setores censitários e áreas no entorno das residências dos participantes de um estudo de coorte. Utilizando dados de bibliotecas públicas online, confirmados pelas secretarias municipais e estaduais, foram mensurados: praças públicas, parques, instalações esportivas, clubes comunitários, academias ao ar livre, ciclovias e ciclofaixas, estações de trem e metrô, terminais de ônibus e unidades de saúde. Para quantificar esses atributos no entorno das residências, foram adotados quatro buffers diferentes: buffers radiais de 500 m e 1000 m e buffers network de 500 m e 1000 m. Foi observado um aumento em academias ao ar livre (+109,6%), ciclovias (+67,7%), estações de trem ou metrô, terminais de ônibus (+15,4%), instalações esportivas (+12,0%) e praças públicas (+8,7%). No entanto, as mudanças diferiram de acordo com a região, renda do setor censitário e área de residência. Os resultados desse estudo podem servir para fomentar uma discussão sobre os efeitos das políticas locais que estão sendo executadas. Além disso, este estudo destaca importantes disparidades nas cidades entre os diferentes níveis avaliados.

Keywordsbuilt environment; inequality; leisure-time physical activity; active transportation; monitoring; cohort; Entorno Construido; Desigualdad; Actividades Físicas Recreativas; Transporte activo; Evaluación, Cohorte; Ambiente Construído; Iniquidade; Atividade física no tempo livre; Deslocamento ativo; Monitoramento; Coorte
Year2022
JournalCities & Health
Journal citation7 (1), pp. 137-147
PublisherRoutledge
ISSN2374-8834
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/10.1080/23748834.2022.2127173
Scopus EID2-s2.0-85141023909
Page range137-147
FunderThe São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP)
Publisher's version
License
All rights reserved
File Access Level
Controlled
Output statusPublished
Publication dates
Online26 Oct 2022
Publication process dates
Accepted17 Sep 2022
Deposited11 Jan 2023
Grant ID2017/17049-3
2020/01312-0
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Boulange, Claire, Gunn, Lucy, Giles-Corti, Billie, Mavoa, Suzanne, Pettit, Chris and Badland, Hannah. (2017). Examining associations between urban design attributes and transport mode choice for walking, cycling, public transport and private motor vehicle trips. Journal of Transport and Health. 6, pp. 155-166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jth.2017.07.007
Using spatial measures to test a conceptual model of social infrastructure that supports health and wellbeing
Davern, Melanie, Gunn, Lucy, Whitzman, Carolyn, Higgs, Carl, Giles-Corti, Billie, Simons, Koen, Villanueva, Karen, Mavoa, Suzanne, Roberts, Rebecca and Badland, Hannah. (2017). Using spatial measures to test a conceptual model of social infrastructure that supports health and wellbeing. Cities & Health. 1(2), pp. 194-209. https://doi.org/10.1080/23748834.2018.1443620
Identifying, creating, and testing urban planning measures for transport walking : Findings from the Australian national liveability study
Badland, Hannah, Mavoa, Suzanne, Boulange, Claire, Eagleson, Serryn, Gunn, Lucy, Stewart, Joshua, David, Stephanie and Giles-Corti, Billie. (2017). Identifying, creating, and testing urban planning measures for transport walking : Findings from the Australian national liveability study. Journal of Transport and Health. 5, pp. 151-162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jth.2016.08.010
Identifying destination distances that support walking trips in local neighborhoods
Gunn, Lucy Durbelle, King, Tania L., Mavoa, Suzanne, Lamb, Karen E., Giles-Corti, Billie and Kavanagh, Anne. (2017). Identifying destination distances that support walking trips in local neighborhoods. Journal of Transport and Health. 5, pp. 133-141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jth.2016.08.009
Public open spaces, children’s independent mobility
Chaudhury, Moushumi, Oliver, Melody, Badland, Hannah M. and Mavoa, Suzanne. (2016). Public open spaces, children’s independent mobility. In In Evans, Bethan and Horton, John (Ed.). Play and recreation, health and wellbeing pp. 315-335 Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-4585-51-4_17
Children's geographies for activity and play : An overview of measurement approaches
Oliver, Melody, Schoeppe, Stephanie, Mavoa, Suzanne, Duncan, Scott, Kelly, Paul, Donovan, Phillip and Kyttä, Marketta. (2016). Children's geographies for activity and play : An overview of measurement approaches. In In Evans, Bethan, Horton, John and Skelton, Tracey (Ed.). Play and recreation, health and wellbeing pp. 67-86 Springer Science+Business Media Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-4585-96-5_16-1
Development of a systems model to visualise the cimplexity of children's independent mobility
Badland, Hannah, Kearns, Robin, Carroll, Penelope, Oliver, Melody, Mavoa, Suzanne, Donovan, Phil, Parker, Karl, Chaudhury, Moushumi, Lin, En-Yi and Witten, Karen. (2016). Development of a systems model to visualise the cimplexity of children's independent mobility. Children's Geographies. 14(1), pp. 91-100. https://doi.org/10.1080/14733285.2015.1021240
Conceptualising and measuring spatial indicators of employment through a liveability lens
Badland, Hannah, Davern, Melanie, Villanueva, Karen, Mavoa, Suzanne, Milner, Allison, Roberts, Rebecca and Giles-Corti, Billie. (2016). Conceptualising and measuring spatial indicators of employment through a liveability lens. Social Indicators Research. 127(2), pp. 565-576. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-015-0978-6
Testing spatial measures of alcohol outlet density with self-rated health in the Australian context : Implications for policy and practice
Badland, Hannah, Mavoa, Suzanne, Livingston, Michael, David, Stephanie and Giles-Corti, Billie. (2016). Testing spatial measures of alcohol outlet density with self-rated health in the Australian context : Implications for policy and practice. Drug and Alcohol Review. 35(3), pp. 298-306. https://doi.org/10.1111/dar.12341
Children's Out-of-School Independently Mobile Trips, Active Travel, and Physical Activity: A Cross-Sectional Examination from the Kids in the City Study
Oliver, Melody, Parker, Karl, Witten, Karen, Mavoa, Suzanne, Badland, Hannah M., Donovan, Phil, Chaudhury, Moushumi and Kearns, Robin. (2016). Children's Out-of-School Independently Mobile Trips, Active Travel, and Physical Activity: A Cross-Sectional Examination from the Kids in the City Study. Journal of Physical Activity and Health. 13(3), pp. 318-324. https://doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2015-0043
Associations between the neighborhood environment and moderate-to-vigorous walking in New Zealand children : Findings from the URBAN Study
McGrath, Leslie J., Hinckson, Erica A., Hopkins, Will G., Mavoa, Suzanne, Witten, Karen and Schofield, Grant. (2016). Associations between the neighborhood environment and moderate-to-vigorous walking in New Zealand children : Findings from the URBAN Study. Sports Medicine. 46(7), pp. 1003-1017. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-016-0533-x
Active transport, physical activity, and distance between home and school in children and adolescents
Duncan, Scott, White, Kate, Mavoa, Suzanne, Stewart, Tom, Hinckson, Erica and Schofield, Grant. (2016). Active transport, physical activity, and distance between home and school in children and adolescents. Journal of Physical Activity and Health. 13(4), pp. 447-453. https://doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2015-0054
Neighbourhood built environment associations with body size in adults : mediating effects of activity and sedentariness in a cross-sectional study of New Zealand adults
Oliver, Melody, Witten, Karen, Blakely, Tony, Parker, Karl, Badland, Hannah, Schofield, Grant, Ivory, Vivienne, Pearce, Jamie, Mavoa, Suzanne, Hinckson, Erica, Sweetsur, Paul and Kearns, Robin. (2015). Neighbourhood built environment associations with body size in adults : mediating effects of activity and sedentariness in a cross-sectional study of New Zealand adults. BMC Public Health. 15, pp. 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-015-2292-2
Assessing neighbourhood destination access for children : Development of the NDAI-C audit tool
Badland, Hannah, Donovan, Phil, Mavoa, Suzanne, Oliver, Melody, Chaudhury, Moushumi and Witten, Karen. (2015). Assessing neighbourhood destination access for children : Development of the NDAI-C audit tool. Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science. 42(6), pp. 1148-1160. https://doi.org/10.1068/b140009p
Age-friendly cities and communities : Access to services for older people
Lowen, Tamara, Davern, Melanie, Mavoa, Suzanne and Brasher, Kathleen. (2015). Age-friendly cities and communities : Access to services for older people. Australian Planner. 52(4), pp. 255-265. https://doi.org/10.1080/07293682.2015.1047874
The development of policy-relevant transport indicators to monitor health behaviours and outcomes
Badland, Hannah, Mavoa, Suzanne, Villanueva, Karen, Roberts, Rebecca, Davern, Melanie and Giles-Corti, Billie. (2015). The development of policy-relevant transport indicators to monitor health behaviours and outcomes. Journal of Transport and Health. 2(2), pp. 103-110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jth.2014.07.005
Developing indicators of public open space to promote health and wellbeing in communities
Villanueva, Karen, Badland, Hannah, Hooper, Paula, Koohsari, Mohammad, Mavoa, Suzanne, Davern, Melanie, Roberts, Rebecca, Goldfeld, Sharon and Giles-Corti, Billie. (2015). Developing indicators of public open space to promote health and wellbeing in communities. Applied Geography. 57, pp. 112-119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2014.12.003
Associations between the neighbourhood built environment and out of school physical activity and active travel : An examination from the Kids in the City study
Oliver, Melody, Mavoa, Suzanne, Badland, Hannah, Parker, Karl, Donovan, Phil, Kearns, Robin, Lin, En-Yi and Witten, Karen. (2015). Associations between the neighbourhood built environment and out of school physical activity and active travel : An examination from the Kids in the City study. Health & Place. 36, pp. 57-64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2015.09.005
Environmental and socio-demographic associates of children's active transport to school : a cross-sectional from the URBAN Study
Oliver, Melody, Badland, Hannah, Mavoa, Suzanne, Witten, Karen, Kearns, Robin, Ellaway, Anne, Hinckson, Erica, Mackay, Lisa and Schluter, Philip. (2014). Environmental and socio-demographic associates of children's active transport to school : a cross-sectional from the URBAN Study. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity. 11, pp. 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-11-70
Do low-income neighbourhoods have the least green space? A cross-sectional study of Australia's most populous cities
Astell-Burt, Thomas, Feng, Xiaoqi, Mavoa, Suzanne, Badland, Hannah and Giles-Corti, Billie. (2014). Do low-income neighbourhoods have the least green space? A cross-sectional study of Australia's most populous cities. BMC Public Health. 14, pp. 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-14-292
Distance to school is associated with sedentary time in children : findings from the URBAN study
Hinckson, Erica, McGrath, Les, Hopkins, Will, Oliver, Melody, Badland, Hannah, Mavoa, Suzanne, Witten, Karen and Kearns, Robin. (2014). Distance to school is associated with sedentary time in children : findings from the URBAN study. Frontiers in Public Health. 2, pp. 1-9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2014.00151
Developing a research and practice tool to measure walkability : a demonstration project
Giles-Corti, Billie, Macaulay, Gus, Middleton, Nick, Boruff, Bryan, Bull, Fiona, Butterworth, Iain, Badland, Hannah, Mavoa, Suzanne, Roberts, Rebecca and Christian, Hayley. (2014). Developing a research and practice tool to measure walkability : a demonstration project. Health Promotion Journal of Australia. 25(3), pp. 160-166. https://doi.org/10.1071/HE14050
What constitutes a 'trip'? Examining child journey attributes using GPS and self-report
Oliver, Melody, Mavoa, Suzanne, Badland, Hannah, Carroll, Penelope, Asiasiga, Lanuola, Tavae, N, Kearns, Robin and Witten, Karen. (2014). What constitutes a 'trip'? Examining child journey attributes using GPS and self-report. Children's Geographies. 12(2), pp. 249-256. https://doi.org/10.1080/14733285.2014.890370
Utility of passive photography to objectively audit built environment features of active transport journeys : an observational study
Oliver, Melody, Doherty, Aiden, Kelly, Paul, Badland, Hannah, Mavoa, Suzanne, Shepherd, Janine, Kerr, Jacqueline, Marshall, Simon, Hamilton, Alexander and Foster, Charlie. (2013). Utility of passive photography to objectively audit built environment features of active transport journeys : an observational study. International Journal of Health Geographics. 12(20), pp. 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-072X-12-20
Using simple agent-based modeling to inform and enhance neighborhood walkability
Badland, Hannah, White, Marcus, MacAulay, Gus, Eagleson, Serryn, Mavoa, Suzanne, Pettit, Christopher and Giles-Corti, Billie. (2013). Using simple agent-based modeling to inform and enhance neighborhood walkability. International Journal of Health Geographics. 12, pp. 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-072X-12-58
Portable Global Positioning System Receivers : Static Validity and Environmental Conditions
Duncan, Scott, Stewart, Tom, Oliver, Melody, Mavoa, Suzanne, MacRae, Deborah, Badland, Hannah and Duncan, Mitch. (2013). Portable Global Positioning System Receivers : Static Validity and Environmental Conditions. American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 44(2), pp. 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2012.10.013
Using SenseCam Images to Assess the Environment
Mavoa, Suzanne, Oliver, Melody, Kerr, Jacqueline, Doherty, Aiden and Witten, Karen. (2013). Using SenseCam Images to Assess the Environment. United States: Association for Computing Machinery. pp. 84 https://doi.org/10.1145/2526667.2526683
Neighborhood built environment and transport and leisure physical activity : findings using objective exposure and outcome measures in New Zealand
Witten, Karen, Blakely, Tony, Bagheri, Nasser, Badland, Hannah, Ivory, Vivienne, Pearce, Jamie, Mavoa, Suzanne, Hinckson, Erica and Schofield, Grant. (2012). Neighborhood built environment and transport and leisure physical activity : findings using objective exposure and outcome measures in New Zealand. Environmental Health Perspectives. 120(7), pp. 971-977. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1104584
Association of neighbourhood residence and preferences with the built environment, work-related travel behaviours, and health implications for employed adults : Findings from the URBAN study
Badland, Hannah, Oliver, Melody, Kearns, Robin, Mavoa, Suzanne, Witten, Karen, Duncan, Mitch and Batty, G. David. (2012). Association of neighbourhood residence and preferences with the built environment, work-related travel behaviours, and health implications for employed adults : Findings from the URBAN study. Social Science and Medicine. 75(8), pp. 1469-1476. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2012.05.029
GIS based destination accessibility via public transit and walking in Auckland, New Zealand
Mavoa, Suzanne, Witten, Karen, McCreanor, Tim and O'Sullivan, David. (2012). GIS based destination accessibility via public transit and walking in Auckland, New Zealand. Journal of Transport Geography. 20(1), pp. 15-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2011.10.001
Linking GPS and travel diary data using sequence alignment in a study of children's independent mobility
Mavoa, Suzanne, Oliver, Melody, Witten, Karen and Badland, Hannah. (2011). Linking GPS and travel diary data using sequence alignment in a study of children's independent mobility. International Journal of Health Geographics. 10, pp. 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-072X-10-64
Social and recreational travel : The destinations, travel modes and CO2 emissions of New Zealand households
Witten, Karen, Huakau, John and Mavoa, Suzanne. (2011). Social and recreational travel : The destinations, travel modes and CO2 emissions of New Zealand households. Social Policy Journal of New Zealand : te puna whakaaro. (37), pp. 1-13.
Kids in the city study : research design and methodology
Oliver, Melody, Witten, Karen, Kearns, Robin, Mavoa, Suzanne, Badland, Hannah, Carroll, Penelope, Drumheller, Chelsea, Tavae, Nicola, Asiasiga, Lanuola, Jelley, Su, Kaiwai, Hector, Opit, Simon, Lin, En-Yi, Sweetsur, Paul, Barnes, Helen, Mason, Nic and Ergler, Christina. (2011). Kids in the city study : research design and methodology. BMC Public Health. 11, pp. 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-11-587