The association between child maltreatment and mental disorders in the Australian Child Maltreatment Study

Journal article

Scott, James G., Malacova, Eva, Mathews, Ben, Haslam, Divna M., Pacella, Rosana, Higgins, Daryl J., Meinck, Franziska, Dunne, Michael P., Finkelhor, David, Erskine, Holly E., Lawrence, David M. and Thomas, Hannah J.. (2023). The association between child maltreatment and mental disorders in the Australian Child Maltreatment Study. Medical Journal of Australia. 218(S6), pp. S26-S33. https://doi.org/10.5694/mja2.51870

Publication dates
Authors	Scott, James G., Malacova, Eva, Mathews, Ben, Haslam, Divna M., Pacella, Rosana, Higgins, Daryl J., Meinck, Franziska, Dunne, Michael P., Finkelhor, David, Erskine, Holly E., Lawrence, David M. and Thomas, Hannah J.
Abstract	Objectives To examine the associations between experiences of child maltreatment and mental disorders in the Australian population. Design Population-representative survey conducted by computer-assisted telephone interviewing. Setting, participants Australian residents aged 16 years and older. Main outcome measures Mental disorder diagnoses of lifetime major depressive disorder, current alcohol use disorder (mild, moderate and severe), current generalised anxiety disorder and current post-traumatic stress disorder. Results More than one in three Australians (3606/8503 surveyed participants; 38.0%; 95% CI, 36.7–39.3%) met the diagnostic criteria for a mental disorder. The prevalence of mental disorders in non-maltreated participants was 21.6% (95% CI, 19.9–23.3%; n = 851). This increased to 36.2% (95% CI, 33.5–38.9%; n = 764) for those who experienced a single type of maltreatment and 54.8% (95% CI, 52.6–56.9%; n = 1991) for participants who experienced multi-type maltreatment. Compared with non-maltreated Australians, maltreated participants had about three times the odds of any mental disorder (odds ratio [OR], 2.82; 95% CI, 2.47–3.22), generalised anxiety disorder (OR, 3.14; 95% CI, 2.48–3.97), major depressive disorder (OR, 3.19; 95% CI, 2.68–3.80) and severe alcohol use disorder (OR, 2.62; 95% CI, 1.83–3.76), and almost five times the odds of post-traumatic stress disorder (OR, 4.60; 95% CI, 3.00–7.07). Associations between experiences of child maltreatment and mental disorders were strongest for sexual abuse, emotional abuse and multi-type maltreatment. The strength of the associations did not differ by gender. Adjustment for childhood and current financial hardship and for current socio-economic status did not significantly attenuate the associations. Conclusions Mental disorders are significantly more likely to occur in individuals who experience child maltreatment, particularly multi-type maltreatment. Prevention of child maltreatment provides an opportunity to substantially reduce the prevalence of mental illness and improve the health of the Australian population.
Keywords	mental disorders; mental health policy; epidemiology; child abuse; child welfare
Year	2023
Journal	Medical Journal of Australia
Journal citation	218 (S6), pp. S26-S33
Publisher	John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
ISSN	0025-729X
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)	https://doi.org/10.5694/mja2.51870
PubMed ID	37004186
Scopus EID	2-s2.0-85151327619
Open access	Published as ‘gold’ (paid) open access
Page range	S26-S33
Funder	National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC)
	Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet, Australian Government
	Department of Social Services, Australian Government
	Australian Institute of Criminology
	European Research Council (ERC)
	UK Research and Innovation Global Challenges Research Fund
	Department of Health, Queensland Government
Publisher's version	OA_Scott_2023_The_association_between_child_maltreatment_and.pdf License CC BY 4.0 File Access Level Open
Output status	Published
Online	02 Apr 2023
Publication process dates
Accepted	23 Jan 2023
Deposited	17 Jul 2023
Grant ID	1158750
	852787
	ES/S008101/1
	1137969

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Higgins, Daryl J.. (2017). Protecting children from abuse in organisations needs leadership and cultural change The Conversation Media Group. https://doi.org/10.24268/fhs.8341

Adverse childhood experiences, non-response and loss to follow-up: Findings from a prospective birth cohort and recommendations for addressing missing data

Doidge, James C., Edwards, Ben, Higgins, Daryl and Segal, Leonie. (2017). Adverse childhood experiences, non-response and loss to follow-up: Findings from a prospective birth cohort and recommendations for addressing missing data. Longitudinal and Life Course Studies. 8(4), pp. 382 - 400. https://doi.org/10.14301/llcs.v8i4.414

Economic predictors of child maltreatment in an Australian population-based birth cohort

Doidge, James C., Higgins, Daryl J., Delfabbro, Paul, Edwards, Ben, Vassallo, Suzanne, Toumbourou, John W. and Segal, Leonie. (2017). Economic predictors of child maltreatment in an Australian population-based birth cohort. Children and Youth Services Review. 72, pp. 14 - 25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2016.10.012

Risk factors for child maltreatment in an Australian population-based birth cohort

Doidge, James C., Higgins, Daryl J., Delfabbro, Paul and Segal, Leonie. (2017). Risk factors for child maltreatment in an Australian population-based birth cohort. Child Abuse and Neglect. 64, pp. 47 - 60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2016.12.002

Public health models for preventing child maltreatment: Applications from the field of injury prevention

Scott, Debbie, Lonne, Bob and Higgins, Daryl. (2016). Public health models for preventing child maltreatment: Applications from the field of injury prevention. Trauma, Violence, and Abuse. 17(4), pp. 408 - 419. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838016658877

How can child welfare and youth-serving organisations keep children safe?

Higgins, Daryl J., Kaufman, Keith and Erooga, Marcus. (2016). How can child welfare and youth-serving organisations keep children safe? Developing Practice.

Conceptualising the prevention of child sexual abuse

Quadara, Antonia, Nagy, Vicky, Higgins, Daryl and Siegel, Natalie. (2015). Conceptualising the prevention of child sexual abuse Australia: Australian Institute of Family Studies, Australian Government.

A public health approach to enhancing safe and supportive family environments for children

Higgins, Daryl J.. (2015). A public health approach to enhancing safe and supportive family environments for children. Family Matters. 96, pp. 39 - 52.

The Stronger Families in Australia (SFIA) study: Phase 2

Edwards, Ben, Mullan, Killian, Katz, Lian and Higgins, Daryl. (2014). The Stronger Families in Australia (SFIA) study: Phase 2 Australia: Australian Institute of Family Studies, Australian Government.

Complex family issues: Collective awareness, common narratives and coordinated approaches to promoting resilience

Hayes, Alan and Higgins, Daryl. (2014). Complex family issues: Collective awareness, common narratives and coordinated approaches to promoting resilience. In In A. Hayes and D. Higgins (Ed.). Families, policy and the law: Selected essays on contemporary issues for Australia pp. 299 - 303 Australian Institute of Family Studies, Australian Government.

Weaving a common narrative: An introduction to essays on families, policy and the law in Australia

Hayes, Alan and Higgins, Daryl. (2014). Weaving a common narrative: An introduction to essays on families, policy and the law in Australia. In Families, policy and the law: Selected essays on contemporary issues for Australia pp. 1 - 4 Australian Institute of Family Studies, Australian Government.

Past adoption practices: Implications for current interventions

Higgins, Daryl. (2014). Past adoption practices: Implications for current interventions. 36(4), pp. 8 - 11.

Contemporary issues in child protection intake, referral and family support

Bromfield, Leah, Arney, Fiona and Higgins, Daryl. (2014). Contemporary issues in child protection intake, referral and family support. In In A. Hayes and D. Higgins (Ed.). Families, policy and the law: Selected essays on contemporary issues for Australia pp. 121 - 129 Australian Institute of Family Studies, Australian Government.

Reform, (r)evolution and lingering Effects: Family policies in Australia

Higgins, Daryl J.. (2014). Reform, (r)evolution and lingering Effects: Family policies in Australia. In In M. Robila (Ed.). Handbook of family policies across the globe pp. 335 - 353 Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-6771-7_22

Past adoption practices: Key messages for service delivery responses and current policies

Kenny, Pauline and Higgins, Daryl. (2014). Past adoption practices: Key messages for service delivery responses and current policies. In In A. Hayes and D. Higgins (Ed.). Families, policy and the law: Selected essays on contemporary issues for Australia pp. 29 - 38 Australian Institute of Family Studies, Australian Government.

Multi-type maltreatment and polyvictimisation: A comparison of two research frameworks

Price-Robertson, Rhys, Higgins, Daryl J. and Vassallo, Suzanne. (2013). Multi-type maltreatment and polyvictimisation: A comparison of two research frameworks. Family Matters. 93, pp. 84 - 98.

Past adoption experiences: Impacts, insights and implications for policy and practice

Kenny, Pauline, Higgins, Daryl, Sweid, Reem and Soloff, Carol. (2013). Past adoption experiences: Impacts, insights and implications for policy and practice. Children and Families Australia. 7(1), pp. 35 - 46.

Past adoption experiences: Impacts, insights and implications for policy and practice

Kenny, Pauline, Higgins, Daryl, Sweid, Reem and Soloff, Carol. (2013). Past adoption experiences: Impacts, insights and implications for policy and practice. Communities, Children and Families. 7(1), pp. 35 - 46.

Families make all the difference: Helping kids to grow and learn

Baxter, Jennifer, Higgins, Daryl J. and Hayes, Alan. (2012). Families make all the difference: Helping kids to grow and learn. Family Matters. 90, pp. 98 - 105.

Child abuse and neglect in Australia's Northern Territory: The Northern Territory Emergency Response

Higgins, Daryl and Scott, Debbie. (2012). Child abuse and neglect in Australia's Northern Territory: The Northern Territory Emergency Response. In In H. Dubowitz (Ed.). World perspectives on child abuse pp. 69 - 75 International Society for the Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect.

Contemporary militant extremism: A linguistic approach to scale development

Stankov, Lazar, Higgins, D., Saucier, Gerard and Knezevic, Goran. (2012). Contemporary militant extremism: A linguistic approach to scale development. In In G. J. Boyle, Donald H. Saklofske and G. Matthews (Ed.). Psychological Assessment pp. 41 - 67 SAGE Publications Inc..

The association between child maltreatment and mental disorders in the Australian Child Maltreatment Study

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