Child sexual abuse by different classes and types of perpetrator: Prevalence and trends from an Australian national survey

Journal article

Mathews, Ben, Finkelhor, David, Pacella, Rosana, Scott, James G., Higgins, Daryl J., Meinck, Franziska, Erskine, Holly E., Thomas, Hannah J., Lawrence, David, Malacova, Eva, Haslam, Divna M. and Collin-Vézina, Delphine. (2024). Child sexual abuse by different classes and types of perpetrator: Prevalence and trends from an Australian national survey. Child Abuse and Neglect. 147, pp. 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106562

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Authors	Mathews, Ben, Finkelhor, David, Pacella, Rosana, Scott, James G., Higgins, Daryl J., Meinck, Franziska, Erskine, Holly E., Thomas, Hannah J., Lawrence, David, Malacova, Eva, Haslam, Divna M. and Collin-Vézina, Delphine
Abstract	Background Little evidence exists about the prevalence of child sexual abuse (CSA) inflicted by different relational classes of perpetrators (e.g., parents; institutional adults; adolescents), and by individual types of perpetrators (e.g., fathers and male relatives; male teachers and male clergy; known and unknown adolescents). Objective To generate evidence of the prevalence of CSA by different perpetrators, and trends by victim gender and age group. Participants and setting The Australian Child Maltreatment Study collected information about CSA victimisation from a nationally-representative sample of 8503 individuals aged 16 and over. Methods We analysed data about 42 perpetrator types, collapsed into eight classes. We generated national prevalence estimates of CSA inflicted by each perpetrator class and individual perpetrator type, and compared results by victim gender and age group. Results Australian CSA prevalence was 28.5%, with the following prevalence by perpetrator classes: other known adolescents (non-romantic): 10.0%; parents/caregivers in the home: 7.8%; other known adults: 7.5%; unknown adults: 4.9%; adolescents (current/former romantic partners): 2.5%; institutional caregivers: 2.0%; siblings: 1.6%; unknown adolescents: 1.4%. Women experienced more CSA by all perpetrator classes except institutional caregivers. Age group comparison showed significant declines in CSA by parents/caregivers, and other known adults; and increases in CSA by adolescents (current/former romantic partners). Individual perpetrator type comparison showed declines in CSA by fathers, male relatives living in the home, non-resident male relatives, and other known male adults; and increases in CSA by known male adolescents, current boyfriends, and former boyfriends. Conclusions CSA by adults has declined, indicating positive impacts of prevention efforts. However, CSA by adolescents has increased. Further declines in CSA by adults are required and possible. Targeted prevention of CSA by adolescents must be prioritised.
Keywords	Child sexual abuse; Offenders or perpetrators - trends by perpetrator class; Trends by individual perpetrator types; Trends by victim gender - trends by victim age group
Year	01 Jan 2024
Journal	Child Abuse and Neglect
Journal citation	147, pp. 1-15
Publisher	Elsevier Ltd. (UK)
ISSN	0145-2134
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106562
Web address (URL)	https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0145213423005501?via%3Dihub
Open access	Published as ‘gold’ (paid) open access
Research or scholarly	Research
Page range	1-15
Publisher's version	OA_Higgins_2023_Child_sexual_abuse_by_different_classes.pdf License CC BY 4.0 File Access Level Open
Output status	Published
Online	07 Dec 2023
Publication process dates
Accepted	15 Nov 2023
Deposited	29 Aug 2024
Supplemental file	SM_Higgins_2023_Child_sexual_abuse_by_different_classes.pdf License CC BY 4.0 File Access Level Open
Additional information	© 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.
	This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
	This research was supported by National Health and Medical Research Council Project Grant 1158750. The authors acknowledge additional funding from the Australian Government National Office for Child Safety (Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet), the Australian Government Department of Social Services, and the Australian Institute of Criminology. FM is funded by the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme [Grant Agreement Number 852787] and the UK Research and Innovation Global Challenges Research Fund [ES/S008101/1]. DCV is supported by the Nicolas Steinmetz and Gilles Julien Chair in Social Pediatrics.
Place of publication	United Kingdom

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Higgins, Daryl, Lonne, Bob, Herrenkohl, Todd I. and Scott, Debbie. (2019). The successes and limitations of contemporary approaches to child protection. In In Lonne, Bob, Scott, Deb, Higgins, Daryl and Herrenkohl, Todd I. (Ed.). Re-visioning public health approaches for protecting children pp. 3-17 Springer Nature. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05858-6_1

Safety survey data from Victorian youth-serving organisations: Survey data from workers, young people, and organisational leaders’ self-reflections after implementing the Victorian Child Safe Standards

Russell, Douglas, Higgins, Daryl J. and Stewart, Jacqui. (2019). Safety survey data from Victorian youth-serving organisations: Survey data from workers, young people, and organisational leaders’ self-reflections after implementing the Victorian Child Safe Standards Australia: Institute of Child Protection Studies, Australian Catholic University. https://doi.org/10.26199/5e27ad866a7c7

Education for family life in Australia

Smyth, Bruce M., Hunter, Cathryn, Macvean, Michelle, Walter, Maggie and Higgins, Daryl J.. (2018). Education for family life in Australia. In In Robila, Mihaela and Taylor, Alan C. (Ed.). Global perspectives on family life education pp. 93-113 Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-77589-0_7

Protecting children from abuse in organisations needs leadership and cultural change

Higgins, Daryl J.. (2017). Protecting children from abuse in organisations needs leadership and cultural change The Conversation Media Group. https://doi.org/10.24268/fhs.8341

Adverse childhood experiences, non-response and loss to follow-up: Findings from a prospective birth cohort and recommendations for addressing missing data

Doidge, James C., Edwards, Ben, Higgins, Daryl and Segal, Leonie. (2017). Adverse childhood experiences, non-response and loss to follow-up: Findings from a prospective birth cohort and recommendations for addressing missing data. Longitudinal and Life Course Studies. 8(4), pp. 382 - 400. https://doi.org/10.14301/llcs.v8i4.414

Economic predictors of child maltreatment in an Australian population-based birth cohort

Doidge, James C., Higgins, Daryl J., Delfabbro, Paul, Edwards, Ben, Vassallo, Suzanne, Toumbourou, John W. and Segal, Leonie. (2017). Economic predictors of child maltreatment in an Australian population-based birth cohort. Children and Youth Services Review. 72, pp. 14 - 25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2016.10.012

Risk factors for child maltreatment in an Australian population-based birth cohort

Doidge, James C., Higgins, Daryl J., Delfabbro, Paul and Segal, Leonie. (2017). Risk factors for child maltreatment in an Australian population-based birth cohort. Child Abuse and Neglect. 64, pp. 47 - 60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2016.12.002

Public health models for preventing child maltreatment: Applications from the field of injury prevention

Scott, Debbie, Lonne, Bob and Higgins, Daryl. (2016). Public health models for preventing child maltreatment: Applications from the field of injury prevention. Trauma, Violence, and Abuse. 17(4), pp. 408 - 419. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838016658877

How can child welfare and youth-serving organisations keep children safe?

Higgins, Daryl J., Kaufman, Keith and Erooga, Marcus. (2016). How can child welfare and youth-serving organisations keep children safe? Developing Practice.

Conceptualising the prevention of child sexual abuse

Quadara, Antonia, Nagy, Vicky, Higgins, Daryl and Siegel, Natalie. (2015). Conceptualising the prevention of child sexual abuse Australia: Australian Institute of Family Studies, Australian Government.

A public health approach to enhancing safe and supportive family environments for children

Higgins, Daryl J.. (2015). A public health approach to enhancing safe and supportive family environments for children. Family Matters. 96, pp. 39 - 52.

The Stronger Families in Australia (SFIA) study: Phase 2

Edwards, Ben, Mullan, Killian, Katz, Lian and Higgins, Daryl. (2014). The Stronger Families in Australia (SFIA) study: Phase 2 Australia: Australian Institute of Family Studies, Australian Government.

Complex family issues: Collective awareness, common narratives and coordinated approaches to promoting resilience

Hayes, Alan and Higgins, Daryl. (2014). Complex family issues: Collective awareness, common narratives and coordinated approaches to promoting resilience. In In A. Hayes and D. Higgins (Ed.). Families, policy and the law: Selected essays on contemporary issues for Australia pp. 299 - 303 Australian Institute of Family Studies, Australian Government.

Weaving a common narrative: An introduction to essays on families, policy and the law in Australia

Hayes, Alan and Higgins, Daryl. (2014). Weaving a common narrative: An introduction to essays on families, policy and the law in Australia. In Families, policy and the law: Selected essays on contemporary issues for Australia pp. 1 - 4 Australian Institute of Family Studies, Australian Government.

Past adoption practices: Implications for current interventions

Higgins, Daryl. (2014). Past adoption practices: Implications for current interventions. 36(4), pp. 8 - 11.

Contemporary issues in child protection intake, referral and family support

Bromfield, Leah, Arney, Fiona and Higgins, Daryl. (2014). Contemporary issues in child protection intake, referral and family support. In In A. Hayes and D. Higgins (Ed.). Families, policy and the law: Selected essays on contemporary issues for Australia pp. 121 - 129 Australian Institute of Family Studies, Australian Government.

Reform, (r)evolution and lingering Effects: Family policies in Australia

Higgins, Daryl J.. (2014). Reform, (r)evolution and lingering Effects: Family policies in Australia. In In M. Robila (Ed.). Handbook of family policies across the globe pp. 335 - 353 Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-6771-7_22

Past adoption practices: Key messages for service delivery responses and current policies

Kenny, Pauline and Higgins, Daryl. (2014). Past adoption practices: Key messages for service delivery responses and current policies. In In A. Hayes and D. Higgins (Ed.). Families, policy and the law: Selected essays on contemporary issues for Australia pp. 29 - 38 Australian Institute of Family Studies, Australian Government.

Multi-type maltreatment and polyvictimisation: A comparison of two research frameworks

Price-Robertson, Rhys, Higgins, Daryl J. and Vassallo, Suzanne. (2013). Multi-type maltreatment and polyvictimisation: A comparison of two research frameworks. Family Matters. 93, pp. 84 - 98.

Past adoption experiences: Impacts, insights and implications for policy and practice

Kenny, Pauline, Higgins, Daryl, Sweid, Reem and Soloff, Carol. (2013). Past adoption experiences: Impacts, insights and implications for policy and practice. Children and Families Australia. 7(1), pp. 35 - 46.

Past adoption experiences: Impacts, insights and implications for policy and practice

Kenny, Pauline, Higgins, Daryl, Sweid, Reem and Soloff, Carol. (2013). Past adoption experiences: Impacts, insights and implications for policy and practice. Communities, Children and Families. 7(1), pp. 35 - 46.

Families make all the difference: Helping kids to grow and learn

Baxter, Jennifer, Higgins, Daryl J. and Hayes, Alan. (2012). Families make all the difference: Helping kids to grow and learn. Family Matters. 90, pp. 98 - 105.

Child abuse and neglect in Australia's Northern Territory: The Northern Territory Emergency Response

Higgins, Daryl and Scott, Debbie. (2012). Child abuse and neglect in Australia's Northern Territory: The Northern Territory Emergency Response. In In H. Dubowitz (Ed.). World perspectives on child abuse pp. 69 - 75 International Society for the Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect.

Contemporary militant extremism: A linguistic approach to scale development

Stankov, Lazar, Higgins, D., Saucier, Gerard and Knezevic, Goran. (2012). Contemporary militant extremism: A linguistic approach to scale development. In In G. J. Boyle, Donald H. Saklofske and G. Matthews (Ed.). Psychological Assessment pp. 41 - 67 SAGE Publications Inc..