Cluster randomized controlled trial (RCT) to support parental contact for children in out-of-home care

Journal article

Suomi, Aino, Lucas, Nina, McArthur, Morag, Humphreys, Cathy, Dobbins, Timothy and Taplin, Stephanie. (2020). Cluster randomized controlled trial (RCT) to support parental contact for children in out-of-home care. Child Abuse and Neglect. 109, p. 104708. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104708
AuthorsSuomi, Aino, Lucas, Nina, McArthur, Morag, Humphreys, Cathy, Dobbins, Timothy and Taplin, Stephanie
Abstract

Background
There is an identified need to improve the evidence-base in relation to contact visits for children in the out-of-home-care (OOHC) system, to ensure optimal outcomes.

Objective
The aim of this cluster randomized controlled trial (RCT) was to test the effectiveness of a contact intervention for parents having supervised contact with children in long-term OOHC.

Participants
183 study children in 15 clusters (OOHC services) and their parent(s) were randomized to the intervention (8 clusters, 100 children) and control groups (7 clusters, 83 children) in three Australian jurisdictions.

Setting
The manualized intervention consisted of increasing the preparation and support provided by caseworkers to parents before and after their contact visits.

Method
Interviews were conducted with carers, parents and caseworkers of the study children at baseline and nine months post-randomization. Interviews included standardized assessment tools measuring child and adult wellbeing and relationships, carer and caseworker ability to support contact, and contact visit cancellations by the parent.

Results
Compared with controls, the intention-to-treat (ITT) analyses showed that fewer visits were cancelled by parents in the intervention group at follow-up (−10.27; 95 % CI: −17.04 to −3.50, p = .006). In addition, per-protocol (PP) analyses showed higher caseworker receptivity to contact (6.03; 95 % CI: 0.04–12.03, p = .04), and higher parent satisfaction with contact (7.41; 95 % CI: 0.70–14.11, p = .03) in the intervention group at follow-up.

Conclusions
While the intervention did not have an effect on child wellbeing, as measured by the SDQ, the trial reports significant positive findings and demonstrates the benefits of the kC kContact intervention in providing support to parents to attend contact visits. The findings of the current study provide an important contribution to knowledge in an area where few RCTs have been completed, notwithstanding the null findings.

Keywordscluster randomized controlled trial; out-of-home-care; family contact; access; visit; child-parent relationship
Year2020
JournalChild Abuse and Neglect
Journal citation109, p. 104708
PublisherElsevier Ltd
ISSN0145-2134
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104708
Scopus EID2-s2.0-85090732953
Research or scholarlyResearch
Page range1-14
FunderAustralian Research Council (ARC)
Publisher's version
License
All rights reserved
File Access Level
Controlled
Output statusPublished
Publication dates
Online14 Sep 2020
Publication process dates
Accepted24 Aug 2020
Deposited29 Jul 2021
ARC Funded ResearchThis output has been funded, wholly or partially, under the Australian Research Council Act 2001
Grant IDARC/LP130100282
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Suomi, Aino, Dowling, Nicki A. and Jackson, Alun C.. (2014). Problem gambling subtypes based on psychological distress, alcohol abuse and impulsivity. Addictive Behaviors. 39(12), pp. 1741-1745. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2014.07.023
Improving practice: The importance of connections in establishing positive identity and meaning in the lives of vulnerable young people
Noble-Carr, Debbie, Barker, Justin, McArthur, Morag and Woodman, Elise. (2014). Improving practice: The importance of connections in establishing positive identity and meaning in the lives of vulnerable young people. Children and Youth Services Review. 47(3), pp. 389 - 396. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2014.10.017
Problem gambling and family violence: Prevalence and patterns in treatment-seekers
Dowling, N. A., Jackson, A. C., Suomi, Aino, Lavis, T., Thomas, S. A., Patford, J., Harvey, P., Battersby, M., Koziol-Mclain, J., Abbott, M. and Bellringer, M. E.. (2014). Problem gambling and family violence: Prevalence and patterns in treatment-seekers. Addictive Behaviors. 39(12), pp. 1713 - 1717. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2014.07.006
If only I, they, we had done things differently: Young people talk about school difficulties and crime
Moore, Timothy and McArthur, Morag. (2014). If only I, they, we had done things differently: Young people talk about school difficulties and crime. Children and Youth Services Review. 44, pp. 249 - 255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2014.06.015
Couple and family therapies for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
Cowlishaw, Sean, Evans, Lynette, Suomi, Aino and Rodgers, Bryan. (2014). Couple and family therapies for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2014(9), pp. 1 - 15. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD011257
Identifying alcohol and other drug use during pregnancy: outcomes for women, their partners and their children
Taplin, Stephanie, Richmond, Giovanna and McArthur, Morag. (2014). Identifying alcohol and other drug use during pregnancy: outcomes for women, their partners and their children Canberra: Australian National Council on Drugs. https://doi.org/10.24268/fhs.8348
Getting more bang for your buck : What works best in professional development in the child, youth and family workforce
McArthur, Morag and Thomson, Bronwyn. (2014). Getting more bang for your buck : What works best in professional development in the child, youth and family workforce. Developing Practice. 39, pp. 42 - 53.
Needs or deeds? : Child protection and youth justice in the Australian Capital Territory
Camilleri, Peter, Thomson, Lorraine and McArthur, Morag. (2013). Needs or deeds? : Child protection and youth justice in the Australian Capital Territory. Journal of Social Welfare & Family Law. https://doi.org/10.1080/09649069.2013.800285
Powerful evidence: Changing policy and practice through research
McArthur, Morag and Winkworth, Gail. (2013). Powerful evidence: Changing policy and practice through research. Developing Practice.
Jumping through hoops - the cost of compliance on sole parents
McArthur, Morag, Thomson, Lorraine and Winkworth, Gail. (2013). Jumping through hoops - the cost of compliance on sole parents. Child and Family Social Work Online. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2206.2011.00817.x
The hopes and dreams of Australian young mothers in receipt of income support
McArthur, Morag and Winkworth, Gail. (2013). The hopes and dreams of Australian young mothers in receipt of income support. Communities, Children and Families Australia.
Needs or deeds? Child protection and youth justice in the Australian Capital Territory
Camilleri, P., Thompson, L. and McArthur, M.. (2013). Needs or deeds? Child protection and youth justice in the Australian Capital Territory. Journal of Social Welfare & Family Law. 35(2), pp. 193 - 206. https://doi.org/10.1080/09649069.2013.800285
Me, myself and I: Identity and meaning in the lives of vulnerable young people
Noble-Carr, Debbie, Barker, Justin and McArthur, Morag. (2013). Me, myself and I: Identity and meaning in the lives of vulnerable young people Canberra: Australian Catholic University, Institute of Child Protection Studies.
The Childrens Court in the Australian Capital Territory
Camilleri, Peter, Thomson, Lorraine and McArthur, Morag. (2013). The Childrens Court in the Australian Capital Territory. In In Sheehan, R. and Borowski, A. (Ed.). Australia's Children's Courts Today and Tomorrow pp. 9 - 26 Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5928-2_2
Children of prisoners: Exploring the needs of children and young people who have a parent incarcerated in the ACT
Saunders, Vicky and McArthur, Morag. (2013). Children of prisoners: Exploring the needs of children and young people who have a parent incarcerated in the ACT Australia: Australian Catholic University.
Young people talk about transitioning from youth detention to the community: Making good
Moore, Tim, McArthur, Morag and Saunders, Victoria. (2013). Young people talk about transitioning from youth detention to the community: Making good. Australian Social Work. https://doi.org/10.1080/0312407X.2012.752020
Getting it right: Research with refugee- background children and young people
Saunders, Vicki and Mcarthur, Morag. (2013). Getting it right: Research with refugee- background children and young people. In In K De Gioia and P Whiteman (Ed.). Children and childhoods 3 : immigrant and refugee families pp. 23 - 40 Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
Supported Playgroups and Parent Groups Initiative (SPPI) outcomes evaluation
McArthur, Morag and Butler, Kate. (2012). Supported Playgroups and Parent Groups Initiative (SPPI) outcomes evaluation Melbourne, Australia: Department of education and early childhood development.
Reconnect: working with young people who are homeless or at risk of homelessness
Barker, Justin, Humphries, Peter, McArthur, Morag and Thomson, Lorraine. (2012). Reconnect: working with young people who are homeless or at risk of homelessness Australia: Australian Government Department of Families, Housing, Community Services and Indigenous Affairs.
Literature review: effective interventions for working with young people who are homeless or at risk of homelessness
Barker, Justin, Humphries, Peter, McArthur, Morag and Thomson, Lorraine. (2012). Literature review: effective interventions for working with young people who are homeless or at risk of homelessness Australia: Australian Government Department of Families, Housing, Community Services and Indigenous Affairs.
National analysis of workforce trends in statutory child protection
McArthur, Morag and Thomson, Lorraine. (2012). National analysis of workforce trends in statutory child protection Dickson, ACT: Australian Catholic University.
Vulnerable Families' Use of Services: Getting What They Need
Butler, Kate Ann, McArthur, Morag, Thomson, Lorraine and Winkworth, Gail. (2012). Vulnerable Families' Use of Services: Getting What They Need. Australian Social Work. 65(4), pp. 571 - 585. https://doi.org/10.1080/0312407X.2012.689308
More than just me: Supporting fathers who are homeless
Barker, Justin, Kolar, Violet, Mallett, Shelley, McArthur, Morag and Saunders, Victoria. (2011). More than just me: Supporting fathers who are homeless Canberra, Australia: Australian Catholic University.
Integrated family support project outcome evaluation
Thomson, Lorraine, McArthur, Morag, Butler, Kate Ann and Thomson, Bronwyn. (2011). Integrated family support project outcome evaluation Canberra, Australia: Australian Catholic University.
ARC Discovery Grant Project: Challenges, possibilities and future directions : A national assessment of Australia's children's courts. ACT Report
McArthur, Morag, Camilleri, Peter and Thomson, Lorraine. (2011). ARC Discovery Grant Project: Challenges, possibilities and future directions : A national assessment of Australia's children's courts. ACT Report Dickson, ACT: Australian Catholic University.
Different but the same? Exploring the experiences of young people caring for a parent with an alcohol or other drug issue
Moore, Tim, McArthur, Morag and Noble-Carr, Debbie. (2011). Different but the same? Exploring the experiences of young people caring for a parent with an alcohol or other drug issue. Journal of Youth Studies. 14(2), pp. 161 - 177. https://doi.org/10.1080/13676261.2010.522561
Evaluation of the supporting children after separation program post separation cooperative parenting programs
McArthur, Morag, Thomson, Lorraine, Woodward, Merrilyn, Barker, Justin, Layton, Megan and Winkworth, Gail. (2011). Evaluation of the supporting children after separation program post separation cooperative parenting programs Australia: Australian Catholic University.
'Good for kids': Children who have been homeless talk about school
Moore, Tim and McArthur, Morag. (2011). 'Good for kids': Children who have been homeless talk about school. Australian Journal of Education. 55(2), pp. 147 - 160. https://doi.org/10.1177/000494411105500205
How relevant is the role of values in child protection practice? A National survey of statutory child protection staff 2009: preliminary findings
McArthur, Morag, Braithwaite, Valerie, Winkworth, Gail, Wilson, Fran, Conroy, Stella, Thompson, Brownwyn, Ivec, Mary, Harris, Nathan and Reinhart, Monika. (2011). How relevant is the role of values in child protection practice? A National survey of statutory child protection staff 2009: preliminary findings Canberra, Australia: Australian National University.
Families' views on a coordinated family support service
McArthur, Morag and Thomson, Lorraine. (2011). Families' views on a coordinated family support service. Family Matters. 89, pp. 71 - 81.
Lessons learned from children who have experienced homelessness: What services need to know
Moore, Tim, McArthur, Morag and Noble-Carr, Debbie. (2011). Lessons learned from children who have experienced homelessness: What services need to know. Children & Society. 25(2), pp. 115 - 126. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1099-0860.2009.00270.x
Step by step: Working together to increase the safety and life chances of children whose parents misuse substances
McArthur, Morag and Winkworth, Gail. (2010). Step by step: Working together to increase the safety and life chances of children whose parents misuse substances. Communities, Children and Families Australia. 5(1), pp. 47 - 60.
Championing choice - Lessons learned from children and young people about research and their involvement
Moore, Tim, Saunders, Vicky and Mcarthur, Morag. (2010). Championing choice - Lessons learned from children and young people about research and their involvement. Child Indicators Research. 4(2), pp. 249 - 267. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12187-010-9083-1
Foster care experiences of leaving foster care in the Australian Capital Territory
Thomson, Lorraine and McArthur, Morag. (2010). Foster care experiences of leaving foster care in the Australian Capital Territory. Communities, Children and Families Australia. 5(2), pp. 46 - 57.
Opportunities lost - why some parents of young children are not well-connected to the service systems designed to assist them
Winkworth, Gail, McArthur, Morag, Layton, Megan, Thomson, Lorraine and Wilson, Fran. (2010). Opportunities lost - why some parents of young children are not well-connected to the service systems designed to assist them. Australian Social Work. 63(4), pp. 431 - 444. https://doi.org/10.1080/0312407X.2010.508170
Someone to check in on me: Social capital, social support and vulnerable parents with very young children in the Australian capital territory
Winkworth, Gail, McArthur, Morag, Layton, Megan and Thomson, Lorraine. (2010). Someone to check in on me: Social capital, social support and vulnerable parents with very young children in the Australian capital territory. Child and Family Social Work. 15(2), pp. 206 - 215. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2206.2009.00660.x
Who cares? Young people with parents who use alcohol or other drugs talk about their experiences with services
Moore, Tim, Noble-Carr, Debbie and McArthur, Morag. (2010). Who cares? Young people with parents who use alcohol or other drugs talk about their experiences with services. Family Matters.
Experiences and aspirations of younger mothers
Butler, Kate, Winkworth, Gail, McArthur, Morag and Smyth, Judith. (2010). Experiences and aspirations of younger mothers Dickson, ACT: Australian Catholic University, Institute of Child Protection Studies.
Exploring the needs and supports of young adult carers living in the ACT
Sanders, Vicky, Moore, Tim and McArthur, Morag. (2010). Exploring the needs and supports of young adult carers living in the ACT Australia: Australian Catholic University.
Working in the Grey - increasing collaboration between services in Inner North Canberra: A Communities for children project
Winkworth, Gail, Layton, Megan, McArthur, Morag and Thomson, Lorraine. (2009). Working in the Grey - increasing collaboration between services in Inner North Canberra: A Communities for children project Australia: ACU.
A practice framework to guide screening and assessment in the Australian family relationship centres and advice line
Winkworth, Gail and McArthur, Morag. (2009). A practice framework to guide screening and assessment in the Australian family relationship centres and advice line. Child and Family Social Work. 14(4), pp. 410 - 419. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2206.2009.00612.x
Attendance, achievement and participation: Young carers' experiences of school in Australia
Moore, Timothy Peter, McArthur, Morag and Morrow, R.. (2009). Attendance, achievement and participation: Young carers' experiences of school in Australia. Australian Journal of Education.
Who’s in our family? An application of the theory of family boundary ambiguity to the experiences of former foster carers
Thomson, Lorraine and Mcarthur, Morag. (2009). Who’s in our family? An application of the theory of family boundary ambiguity to the experiences of former foster carers. Adoption and Fostering. 33(1), pp. 68 - 79.
Getting what we need: families' experiences of services
McArthur, Morag, Thomson, Lorraine, Winkworth, Gail and Butler, Kate. (2009). Getting what we need: families' experiences of services Dickson, ACT: Australian Catholic University, Institute of Child Protection Studies.
Little voices and big ideas: Lessons learned from children about research
Moore, Tim, McArthur, Morag and Noble-Carr, Debbie. (2008). Little voices and big ideas: Lessons learned from children about research. International Journal of Qualitative Methods. 7(2), pp. 77 - 91.
Collaboration and systems of support for vulnerable children and their families: improving the interface between primary, secondary and tertiary interventions
Winkworth, Gail and Mcarthur, Morag. (2008). Collaboration and systems of support for vulnerable children and their families: improving the interface between primary, secondary and tertiary interventions. Communities, Families and Children Australia. 3(1), pp. 44 - 54.
Back to schools: Human service workers increasing opportunities for early intervention and social inclusion from the school base
McArthur, Morag and Winkworth, Gail. (2008). Back to schools: Human service workers increasing opportunities for early intervention and social inclusion from the school base. Children Australia. 33(4), pp. 5 - 12.
Who cares? Experiences of young people living with a family member who has an alcohol or other drug issue
Noble-Carr, Debbie, Moore, Tim and McArthur, Morag. (2008). Who cares? Experiences of young people living with a family member who has an alcohol or other drug issue Dickson, ACT: Australian Catholic University.
Lost in transition: exploring young people's experiences of transition from youth detention in the ACT
Moore, Tim, Saunders, Vicky and Mcarthur, Morag. (2008). Lost in transition: exploring young people's experiences of transition from youth detention in the ACT Dickson, ACT: Australian Catholic University, Institute of Child Protection Studies.
Stuff you'd never think of: Children talk about homelessness and how they'd like to be supported
Mcarthur, Morag, Moore, Noble-Carr, Debbie and Mr, Tim P. Moore. (2008). Stuff you'd never think of: Children talk about homelessness and how they'd like to be supported. Family Matters. 78, pp. 36 - 43.
Suicidal behaviour in prisons: Learning from Australian and international experiences
Camilleri, Peter and McArthur, Morag. (2008). Suicidal behaviour in prisons: Learning from Australian and international experiences. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry. 31(4), pp. 297 - 307. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlp.2007.11.004
Too important to ignore: Children's views on homelessness
Mcarthur, Morag, Moore, Noble-Carr, Debbie and Mr, Tim P. Moore. (2008). Too important to ignore: Children's views on homelessness. Parity. 21(8), pp. 20 - 21.
We’re all in it together: supporting young carers and their families in Australia
Moore, Mcarthur, Morag and Mr, Tim P. Moore. (2007). We’re all in it together: supporting young carers and their families in Australia. Health and Social Care in the Community. 15(6), pp. 561 - 568. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2524.2007.00719.x
Experiences of former foster carers
Thomson, Lorraine, McArthur, Morag, Layton-Thompson, Megan and Evans, Lyndall. (2007). Experiences of former foster carers Dickson, ACT: Australian Catholic University, Institute of Child Protection Studies.
They've gotta listen: Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander young people in out of home care
Moore, Tim, Bennett, Bindi and McArthur, Morag. (2007). They've gotta listen: Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander young people in out of home care Dickson, ACT: Australian Catholic University.
Finding their way home :children's experience of homelessness
Moore, Tim, Noble-Carr, Debbie and McArthur, Morag. (2007). Finding their way home :children's experience of homelessness Dickson, ACT: Australian Catholic University.
University - industry partnerships: Keeping child protection workers on the job, challenged and happy
Mcarthur, Morag, Allen-Kelly, Kandie and Duggan, Frank. (2006). University - industry partnerships: Keeping child protection workers on the job, challenged and happy. Communities, Families and Children Australia. 1(1), pp. 24 - 32.
Reading, writing and responsibility :young carers and education
Moore, Tim, Morrow, Ros, McArthur, Morag and Noble-Carr, Debbie. (2006). Reading, writing and responsibility :young carers and education Dickson, ACT: Australian Catholic University.
‘Dad, where are we going to live now?’ Exploring fathers’ experiences of homelessness
Mcarthur, Morag, Zubrzycki, Joanna, Rochester, Anthony and Thomson, Lorraine. (2006). ‘Dad, where are we going to live now?’ Exploring fathers’ experiences of homelessness. Australian Social Work. 59(3), pp. 288 - 300. https://doi.org/10.1080/03124070600833212
Being 'child centred' in child protection: What does it mean?
Winkworth, Gail and McArthur, Morag. (2006). Being 'child centred' in child protection: What does it mean? Children Australia. 31(4), pp. 13 - 21.
Breaking into schools establishing high quality human services in educational contexts
Winkworth, Gail and McArthur, Morag. (2005). Breaking into schools establishing high quality human services in educational contexts. Children Australia. 30(1), pp. 19 - 26. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1035077200010543
Workforce planning in the ACT Care and Protection system: Issues paper
Richmond, Giovanna, McArthur, Morag and Winkworth, Gail. (2005). Workforce planning in the ACT Care and Protection system: Issues paper Australian Catholic University.
Preparing social work students for policy practice: An Australian example
Zubrzycki, Joanna and McArthur, Morag. (2004). Preparing social work students for policy practice: An Australian example. Social Work Education. 23(4), pp. 451 - 464.
Preparing social workers for policy practice
McArthur, Morag and Zubrzycki, Joanna. (2004). Preparing social workers for policy practice. Social Work Education. 23(4), pp. 451 - 464.
Counselling in infertility: Scope and limitations – A profile of counselling services in Australian assisted reproductive clinics
Mcarthur, Morag and Moulet, Christine. (2004). Counselling in infertility: Scope and limitations – A profile of counselling services in Australian assisted reproductive clinics. Women in Welfare Education.