Superior inhibitory control and resistance to mental fatigue in professional road cyclists

Journal article

Martin, Kristy, Staiano, Walter, Menaspà, Paolo, Hennessey, Tom, Marcora, Samuele, Keegan, Richard J., Thompson, Kevin G., Martin, David, Halson, Shona and Rattray, Ben. (2016). Superior inhibitory control and resistance to mental fatigue in professional road cyclists. PLoS ONE. 11(7), pp. 1 - 15. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0159907
AuthorsMartin, Kristy, Staiano, Walter, Menaspà, Paolo, Hennessey, Tom, Marcora, Samuele, Keegan, Richard J., Thompson, Kevin G., Martin, David, Halson, Shona and Rattray, Ben
Abstract

Purpose
Given the important role of the brain in regulating endurance performance, this comparative study sought to determine whether professional road cyclists have superior inhibitory control and resistance to mental fatigue compared to recreational road cyclists.
Methods
After preliminary testing and familiarization, eleven professional and nine recreational road cyclists visited the lab on two occasions to complete a modified incongruent colour-word Stroop task (a cognitive task requiring inhibitory control) for 30 min (mental exertion condition), or an easy cognitive task for 10 min (control condition) in a randomized, counterbalanced cross-over order. After each cognitive task, participants completed a 20-min time trial on a cycle ergometer. During the time trial, heart rate, blood lactate concentration, and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were recorded.
Results
The professional cyclists completed more correct responses during the Stroop task than the recreational cyclists (705±68 vs 576±74, p = 0.001). During the time trial, the recreational cyclists produced a lower mean power output in the mental exertion condition compared to the control condition (216±33 vs 226±25 W, p = 0.014). There was no difference between conditions for the professional cyclists (323±42 vs 326±35 W, p = 0.502). Heart rate, blood lactate concentration, and RPE were not significantly different between the mental exertion and control conditions in both groups.
Conclusion
The professional cyclists exhibited superior performance during the Stroop task which is indicative of stronger inhibitory control than the recreational cyclists. The professional cyclists also displayed a greater resistance to the negative effects of mental fatigue as demonstrated by no significant differences in perception of effort and time trial performance between the mental exertion and control conditions. These findings suggest that inhibitory control and resistance to mental fatigue may contribute to successful road cycling performance. These psychobiological characteristics may be either genetic and/or developed through the training and lifestyle of professional road cyclists.

Year2016
JournalPLoS ONE
Journal citation11 (7), pp. 1 - 15
PublisherPublic Library of Science
ISSN1932-6203
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0159907
Scopus EID2-s2.0-84979521021
Open accessOpen access
Page range1 - 15
Research GroupSports Performance, Recovery, Injury and New Technologies (SPRINT) Research Centre
Publisher's version
License
Place of publicationUnited States of America
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The application of mental fatigue research to elite team sport performance : New perspectives
Russell, Suzanna, Jenkins, David, Smith, Mitchell, Halson, Shona and Kelly, Vincent. (2019). The application of mental fatigue research to elite team sport performance : New perspectives. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport. 22(6), pp. 723-728. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2018.12.008
Sleep monitoring in athletes : Motivation, methods, miscalculations and why it matters
Halson, Shona. (2019). Sleep monitoring in athletes : Motivation, methods, miscalculations and why it matters. Sports Medicine. 49(10), pp. 1487-1497. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-019-01119-4
What is mental fatigue in elite sport? Perceptions from athletes and staff
Russell, Suzanna, Jenkins, David, Rynne, Steven, Halson, Shona L. and Kelly, Vincent. (2019). What is mental fatigue in elite sport? Perceptions from athletes and staff. European Journal of Sport Science. 19(10), pp. 1367-1376. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2019.1618397
Sleep patterns and alertness in an elite super rugby team during a game week
Dunican, Ian C., Higgin, Charles C., Murray, Kevin, Jones, Maddison J., Dawson, Brian, Caldwell, John A., Halson, Shona L. and Eastwood, Peter R.. (2019). Sleep patterns and alertness in an elite super rugby team during a game week. Journal of Human Kinetics. 67(1), pp. 111-121. https://doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2018-0088
Sleep and salivary testosterone and cortisol during a short preseason camp : A study in professional rugby union
Serpell, Benjamin G., Horgan, Barry G., Colomer, Carmen M. E., Field, Byron, Halson, Shona L. and Cook, Christian J.. (2019). Sleep and salivary testosterone and cortisol during a short preseason camp : A study in professional rugby union. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance. 14(6), pp. 796-804. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2018-0600
Effects of various recovery strategies on repeated bouts of simulated intermittent activity
Crowther, Fiona A., Sealey, Rebecca M., Crowe, Melissa J., Edwards, Andrew M. and Halson, Shona L.. (2019). Effects of various recovery strategies on repeated bouts of simulated intermittent activity. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 33(7), pp. 1781-1794. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000002396
Cold water immersion attenuates anabolic signaling and skeletal muscle fiber hypertrophy, but not strength gain, following whole-body resistance training
Fyfe, Jackson J., Broatch, James R., Trewin, Adam J., Hanson, Erik D., Argus, Christos K., Garnham, Andrew P., Halson, Shona L., Polman, Remco C., Bishop, David J. and Petersen, Aaron C.. (2019). Cold water immersion attenuates anabolic signaling and skeletal muscle fiber hypertrophy, but not strength gain, following whole-body resistance training. Journal of Applied Physiology. 127(5), pp. 1403-1418. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00127.2019
Nutrition for travel : From jet lag to catering
Halson, Shona L., Burke, Louise M. and Pearce, Jeni. (2019). Nutrition for travel : From jet lag to catering. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism. 29(2), pp. 228-235. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2018-0278
The effects of cold water immersion on the amount and quality of sleep obtained by elite cyclists during a simulated hill climbing tour
Lastella, Michelle, Roach, G. D., Halson, Shona and Sargent, C.. (2019). The effects of cold water immersion on the amount and quality of sleep obtained by elite cyclists during a simulated hill climbing tour. Sport Sciences for Health. 15(1), pp. 223 - 228. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11332-018-0522-6
Effects of sports compression socks on performance, physiological, and hematological alterations after long-haul air travel in elite female volleyballers
Broatch, James R., Bishop, David J., Zadow, Emma K. and Halson, Shona. (2019). Effects of sports compression socks on performance, physiological, and hematological alterations after long-haul air travel in elite female volleyballers. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 33(2), pp. 492-501. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000003002
Monitoring athletes during training camps : Observations and translatable strategies from elite road cyclists and swimmers
Saw, Anna E., Halson, Shona L. and Mujika, Iñigo. (2018). Monitoring athletes during training camps : Observations and translatable strategies from elite road cyclists and swimmers. Sports. 6(3), p. Article 63. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports6030063
Taekwondo fighting in training does not simulate the affective and cognitive demands of competition : Implications for behavior and transfer
Maloney, Michael A., Renshaw, Ian, Headrick, Jonathon, Martin, David T. and Farrow, Damian. (2018). Taekwondo fighting in training does not simulate the affective and cognitive demands of competition : Implications for behavior and transfer. Frontiers in Psychology. 9(25), pp. 1-13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00025
Longer sleep durations are positively associated with finishing place during a national multiday netball competition
Laura E. Juliff, Shona Halson, Jeffrey J. Hebert, Peta L. Forsyth and Jeremiah John Peiffer. (2018). Longer sleep durations are positively associated with finishing place during a national multiday netball competition. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 32(1), pp. 189-194. https://doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0000000000001793
Accuracy of W' Recovery Kinetics in High Performance Cyclists-Modeling Intermittent Work Capacity
Jason C. Bartram, Dominic Thewlis, David Martin and Kevin Norton. (2018). Accuracy of W' Recovery Kinetics in High Performance Cyclists-Modeling Intermittent Work Capacity. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance. 13(6), pp. 724-728. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2017-0034
Can sleep be used as an indicator of overreaching and overtraining in athletes?
Michelle Lastella, Grace E. Vincent, Rob Duffield, Gregory D. Roach, Shona Halson, Luke J. Heales and Charli Sargent. (2018). Can sleep be used as an indicator of overreaching and overtraining in athletes? Frontiers in Physiology. 9, pp. 1-4. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2018.00436
Recovery and performance in sport: Consensus statement
Michael Kellmann, Maurizio Bertollo, Laurent Bosquet, Michel Brink, Aaron Coutts, Rob Duffield, Daniel Erlacher, Shona Halson, Anne Hecksteden, Jahan Heidari, Wolfgang Kallus, R Meeusen, I Mujika, Claudio Robazza, Sabrina Skorski, Ranel Venter and Jürgen Beckmann. (2018). Recovery and performance in sport: Consensus statement. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance. 13(2), pp. 240-245. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2017-0759
Development of the athlete sleep behavior questionnaire: A tool for identifying maladaptive sleep practices in elite athletes
Matthew W Driller, Cheri D Mah and Shona Halson. (2018). Development of the athlete sleep behavior questionnaire: A tool for identifying maladaptive sleep practices in elite athletes. Sleep Science. 11(1), pp. 37-44.
The effects of intensified training on resting metabolic rate (RMR), body composition and performance in trained cyclists
Woods, Amy L., Rice, Anthony J., Garvican-Lewis, Laura A., Wallett, Alice M., Lundy, Bronwen, Rogers, Margot A., Welvaert, Marijke, Halson, Shona, McKune, Andrew and Thompson, Kevin G.. (2018). The effects of intensified training on resting metabolic rate (RMR), body composition and performance in trained cyclists. PLoS ONE. 13(2), pp. 1 - 24. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0191644
An integrated, multifactorial approach to periodization for optimal performance in individual and team sports
Mujika, Iñigo, Halson, Shona, Burke, Louise M., Balagué, Gloria and Farrow, Damian. (2018). An integrated, multifactorial approach to periodization for optimal performance in individual and team sports. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance. 13(5), pp. 538 - 561. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2018-0093
Evening electronic device use: The effects on alertness, sleep and next-day physical performance in athletes
Jones, Maddison J., Peeling, Peter, Dawson, Brian, Halson, Shona, Miller, Joanna, Dunican, Ian C., Clarke, Michael W., Goodman, Craig and Eastwood, Peter R.. (2018). Evening electronic device use: The effects on alertness, sleep and next-day physical performance in athletes. Journal of Sports Sciences. 36(2), pp. 162 - 170. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2017.1287936
The psychomotor vigilance test: A comparison of different test durations in elite athletes
Jones, Maddison J., Dunican, Ian C., Murray, Kevin, Peeling, Peter, Dawson, Brian, Halson, Shona, Miller, Joanna and Eastwood, Peter R.. (2018). The psychomotor vigilance test: A comparison of different test durations in elite athletes. Journal of Sports Sciences. 36(18), pp. 2033 - 2037. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2018.1433443
Lower limb sports compression garments improve muscle blood flow and exercise performance during repeated-sprint cycling
Broatch, James R., Bishop, David J. and Halson, Shona. (2018). Lower limb sports compression garments improve muscle blood flow and exercise performance during repeated-sprint cycling. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance. 13(7), pp. 882 - 890. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2017-0638
Sleep, sport, and the brain
Halson, Shona L. and Juliff, Laura E.. (2017). Sleep, sport, and the brain. Progress in Brain Research. 234, pp. 13-31. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.pbr.2017.06.006
The effects of attentional focus instructions on punching velocity and impact forces among trained combat athletes
Israel Halperin, Dale W. Chapman, David Martin and Chris R. Abbiss. (2017). The effects of attentional focus instructions on punching velocity and impact forces among trained combat athletes. Journal of Sports Sciences. 35(5), pp. 500-507. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2016.1175651
Predicting critical power in elite cyclists: Questioning the validity of the 3-minute all-out test
Jason C. Bartram, Dominic Thewlis, David Martin and Kevin Norton. (2017). Predicting critical power in elite cyclists: Questioning the validity of the 3-minute all-out test. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance. 12(6), pp. 783-787. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2016-0376
Human behaviours associated with dominance in elite amateur boxing bouts: A comparison of winners and losers under the Ten Point Must System
Emily C. Dunn, Clare E. Humberstone, Fiona Iredale, David Martin and Anthony Blazevich. (2017). Human behaviours associated with dominance in elite amateur boxing bouts: A comparison of winners and losers under the Ten Point Must System. PLoS ONE. 12(12), pp. 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0188675
Choices enhance punching performance of competitive kickboxers
Israel Halperin, Dale W. Chapman, David Martin, Rebecca Lewthwaite and Gabriele Wulf. (2017). Choices enhance punching performance of competitive kickboxers. Psychological Research. 81(5), pp. 1051-1058. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00426-016-0790-1
Cold-water immersion for athletic recovery: One size does not fit all
Jessica M. Stephens, Shona Halson, Joanna Miller, Gary Slater and Christopher D. Askew. (2017). Cold-water immersion for athletic recovery: One size does not fit all. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance. 12(1), pp. 2-9. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2016-0095
A multifactorial evaluation of illness risk factors in athletes preparing for the Summer Olympic Games
Drew, Michael K., Vlahovich, Nicole, Hughes, David, Appaneal, Renee, Peterson, Kirsten, Burke, Louise, Lundy, Bronwen, Toomey, Mary, Watts, David, Lovell, Gregory, Praet, Stephan, Halson, Shona, Colbey, Candice, Manzanero, Silvia, Welvaert, Marijke, West, Nic P., Pyne, David B. and Waddington, Gordon. (2017). A multifactorial evaluation of illness risk factors in athletes preparing for the Summer Olympic Games. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport. 20(8), pp. 745 - 750. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2017.02.010
Greater effect of east versus west travel on jet lag, sleep, and team sport performance
Fowler, Peter M., Knez, Wade, Crowcroft, Stephen, Mendham, Amy E., Miller, Joanna, Sargent, Charli, Halson, Shona and Duffield, Rob. (2017). Greater effect of east versus west travel on jet lag, sleep, and team sport performance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 49(12), pp. 2548 - 2561. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000001374
Team sport athletes' perceptions and use of recovery strategies: A mixed-methods survey study
Crowther, Fiona, Sealey, Rebecca, Crowe, Melissa, Edwards, Andrew and Halson, Shona. (2017). Team sport athletes' perceptions and use of recovery strategies: A mixed-methods survey study. BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation. 9(1), pp. 1 - 10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13102-017-0071-3
Cold-water immersion and contrast water therapy: No improvement of short-term recovery after resistance training
Argus, Christos K., Broatch, James R., Petersen, Aaron C., Polman, Remco, Bishop, David J. and Halson, Shona. (2017). Cold-water immersion and contrast water therapy: No improvement of short-term recovery after resistance training. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance. 12(7), pp. 886 - 892. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2016-0127
Prevalence of illness, poor mental health and sleep quality and low energy availability prior to the 2016 Summer Olympic Games
Drew, Michael, Vlahovich, Nicole, Hughes, David, Appaneal, Renee, Burke, Louise, Lundy, Bronwen, Rogers, Margot, Toomey, Mary, Watts, David, Lovell, Gregory, Praet, Stephan F. E., Halson, Shona, Colbey, Candice, Manzanero, Silvia, Welvaert, Marijke, West, NIcholas P., Pyne, David and Waddington, Gordon. (2017). Prevalence of illness, poor mental health and sleep quality and low energy availability prior to the 2016 Summer Olympic Games. British Journal of Sports Medicine. 52(1), pp. 1 - 8. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2017-098208
Protein ingestion before sleep increases overnight muscle protein synthesis rates in healthy older men: A randomized controlled trial
Kouw, Imre W.K., Holwerda, Andrew M., Trommelen, Jorn, Kramer, Irene Fleur, Bastiaanse, Jacqueline, Halson, Shona, Wodzig, Will K.W.H., Verdijk, Lex B. and Van Loon, Luc. (2017). Protein ingestion before sleep increases overnight muscle protein synthesis rates in healthy older men: A randomized controlled trial. The Journal of Nutrition. 147(12), pp. 2252 - 2261. https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.117.254532
Software thresholds alter the bias of actigraphy for monitoring sleep in team-sport athletes
Fuller, Kate L., Juliff, Laura E., Gore, Christopher J., Peiffer, Jeremiah John and Halson, Shona. (2017). Software thresholds alter the bias of actigraphy for monitoring sleep in team-sport athletes. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport. 20(8), pp. 756 - 760. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2016.11.021
Influence of recovery strategies upon performance and perceptions following fatiguing exercise: A randomized controlled trial
Crowther, Fiona, Sealey, Rebecca, Crowe, Melissa, Edwards, Andrew and Halson, Shona. (2017). Influence of recovery strategies upon performance and perceptions following fatiguing exercise: A randomized controlled trial. BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation. 9(1), pp. 1 - 9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13102-017-0087-8
Effects of increased muscle strength and muscle mass on endurance-cycling performance
Mujika, Iñigo, Rønnestad, Bent R. and Martin, David T.. (2016). Effects of increased muscle strength and muscle mass on endurance-cycling performance. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance. 11(3), pp. 283-289. https://doi.org/10.1123/IJSPP.2015-0405
Ventilatory acclimatisation is beneficial for high-intensity exercise at altitude in elite cyclists
Nathan E. Townsend, Christopher J. Gore, Tammie R. Ebert, David Martin, Allan G. Hahn and Chin Moi Chow. (2016). Ventilatory acclimatisation is beneficial for high-intensity exercise at altitude in elite cyclists. European Journal of Sport Science. 16(8), pp. 895-902. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2016.1139190
The Effects of Attentional Focusing Instructions on Force Production during the Isometric Midthigh Pull
Israel Halperin, Kym J. Williams, David Martin and Dale W. Chapman. (2016). The Effects of Attentional Focusing Instructions on Force Production during the Isometric Midthigh Pull. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 30(4), pp. 919-923. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000001194
Coaching cues in amateur boxing: An analysis of ringside feedback provided between rounds of competition
Israel Halperin, Dale W. Chapman, David Martin, Chris R. Abbiss and Gabriele Wulf. (2016). Coaching cues in amateur boxing: An analysis of ringside feedback provided between rounds of competition. Psychology of Sport and Exercise. 25, pp. 44-50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2016.04.003
The chronotype of elite athletes
Lastella, Michelle, Roach, G. D., Halson, Shona and Sargent, C.. (2016). The chronotype of elite athletes. Journal of Human Kinetics. 54(1), pp. 219 - 225. https://doi.org/10.1515/hukin-2016-0049
Separate but together: Teachers' perceptions of the impact of Family Occuptational Separation on Students' educational outcomes
Louth, Sharon, Jamieson-Proctor, Romina, Black, Trevor and Martin, David. (2016). Separate but together: Teachers' perceptions of the impact of Family Occuptational Separation on Students' educational outcomes. Australian Association for Research in Education (AARE) Conference 2016. 27 Nov - 01 Dec 2016 Australia: Australian Association for Research in Education. pp. 1 - 10
Importance of standardized DXA protocol for assessing physique changes in athletes
Nana, Alisa, Slater, Gary J., Hopkins, Will, Halson, Shona, Martin, D. T., West, N. P. and Burke, Louise Mary. (2016). Importance of standardized DXA protocol for assessing physique changes in athletes. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism. 26(3), pp. 259 - 267. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2013-0111
Nutrition and recovery
Halson, Shona and Burke, Louise Mary. (2015). Nutrition and recovery. In Tennis science : How player and racket work together pp. 116-135 University of Chicago Press. https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226139623.001.0001
Physical Demands of Sprinting in Professional Road Cycling
Paolo Menaspà, Marc Quod, David Martin, Jeremiah John Peiffer and Chris R. Abbiss. (2015). Physical Demands of Sprinting in Professional Road Cycling. International Journal of Sports Medicine. 36(13), pp. 1058-1062. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0035-1554697
Maximal sprint power in road cyclists after variable and nonvariable high-intensity exercise
Paolo Menaspà, David Martin, James Victor and Chris R. Abbiss. (2015). Maximal sprint power in road cyclists after variable and nonvariable high-intensity exercise. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 29(11), pp. 3156-3161. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000000972
The impact of a simulated grand tour on sleep, mood, and well-being of competitive cyclists
Michelle Lastella, Gregory D Roach, Shona Halson, David Martin, Nicholas P West and Charli Sargent. (2015). The impact of a simulated grand tour on sleep, mood, and well-being of competitive cyclists. The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness. 55(12), pp. 1555-1564.
Validity and reliability of an incremental double poling protocol in cross-country skiers
Andrew D. Govus, Finn Marsland, David Martin and Dale W. Chapman. (2015). Validity and reliability of an incremental double poling protocol in cross-country skiers. The Journal of Human Sports and Exercise. 10(3), pp. 827-834. https://doi.org/10.14198/jhse.2015.103.08
Body composition of female road and track endurance cyclists: Normative values and typical changes
Haakonssen, E. C., Barras, Martin, Burke, Louise Mary, Jenkins, David G. and Martin, David. (2015). Body composition of female road and track endurance cyclists: Normative values and typical changes. European Journal of Sport Science. 16(6), pp. 645 - 653. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2015.1084538
Understanding sleep disturbance in athletes prior to important competitions
Juliff, Laura E., Halson, Shona and Peiffer, Jeremiah John. (2015). Understanding sleep disturbance in athletes prior to important competitions. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport. 18(1), pp. 13 - 18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2014.02.007
Sleep/wake behaviour of endurance cyclists before and during competition
Lastella, Michelle, Roach, Gregory D., Halson, Shona, Martin, David T., West, Nicholas P. and Sargent, Charli. (2015). Sleep/wake behaviour of endurance cyclists before and during competition. Journal of Sports Sciences. 33(3), pp. 293 - 299. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2014.942690
Confounding compression: The effects of posture, sizing and garment type on measured interface pressure in sports compression clothing
Brophy-Williams, Ned, Driller, Matthew W., Shing, C., Fell, James W. and Halson, Shona. (2015). Confounding compression: The effects of posture, sizing and garment type on measured interface pressure in sports compression clothing. Journal of Sports Sciences. 33(13), pp. 1403 - 1410. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2014.990489
Sleep hygiene and recovery strategies in elite soccer players
Nédélec, Mathieu, Halson, Shona, Delecroix, Barthélémy, Abaidia, Abd-Elbasset, Ahmaidi, S. and Dupont, Gregory. (2015). Sleep hygiene and recovery strategies in elite soccer players. Sports Medicine. 45(11), pp. 1547 - 1559. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-015-0377-9
Stress, sleep and recovery in elite soccer: A critical review of the literature
Nédélec, Mathieu, Halson, Shona, Abaidia, Abd-Elbasset, Ahmaidi, S. and Dupont, Gregory. (2015). Stress, sleep and recovery in elite soccer: A critical review of the literature. Sports Medicine. 45(10), pp. 1387 - 1400. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-015-0358-z
Sleep/wake behaviours of elite athletes from individual and team sports
Lastella, Michelle, Roach, Gregory D., Halson, Shona and Sargent, Charli. (2015). Sleep/wake behaviours of elite athletes from individual and team sports. European Journal of Sport Science. 15(2), pp. 94 - 100. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2014.932016
Altitude, cold and heat
Ross, Megan L. L. and Martin, David. (2015). Altitude, cold and heat. In In L. Burke and V. Deakin (Ed.). Clinical sports nutrition 5th edition pp. 767 - 791 McGraw-Hill Education.
Consistency of commercial devices for measuring elevation gain
Paolo Menaspà, Franco M. M Impellizzeri, Eric C. Haakonssen, David Martin and Chris R. Abbiss. (2014). Consistency of commercial devices for measuring elevation gain. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance. 9(5), pp. 884-886. https://doi.org/10.1123/IJSPP.2013-0232
Influence of contrast shower and water immersion on recovery in elite netballers
Juliff, Laura E., Halson, Shona, Bonetti, Darrell L., Versey, Nathan, Driller, Matthew W. and Peiffer, Jeremiah John. (2014). Influence of contrast shower and water immersion on recovery in elite netballers. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 28(8), pp. 2353 - 2358. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000000417
Fluid Balance, Carbohydrate Ingestion, and Body Temperature During Men's Stage-Race Cycling in Temperate Environmental Conditions
Ross, Megan, Stephens, Brian, Abbiss, Chris, Martin, David, Laursen, Paul and Burke, Louise. (2014). Fluid Balance, Carbohydrate Ingestion, and Body Temperature During Men's Stage-Race Cycling in Temperate Environmental Conditions. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance. 9(3), pp. 575 - 582. https://doi.org/10.1123/IJSPP.2012-0369
Monitoring training load to understand fatigue in athletes
Halson, Shona. (2014). Monitoring training load to understand fatigue in athletes. Sports Medicine. 44(Suppl 2), pp. 139 - 147. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-014-0253-z
Does hydrotherapy help or hinder adaptation to training in competitive cyclists?
Halson, Shona, Bartram, Jason C., West, Nicholas P., Stephens, Jessica M., Argus, Christos K., Driller, Matthew W., Sargent, Charli, Lastella, Michelle, Hopkins, Will G. and Martin, David T.. (2014). Does hydrotherapy help or hinder adaptation to training in competitive cyclists? Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 46(8), pp. 1631 - 1639. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000000268
Sleep or swim? Early-morning training severely restricts the amount of sleep obtained by elite swimmers
Sargent, Charli, Halson, Shona and Roach, Gregory D.. (2014). Sleep or swim? Early-morning training severely restricts the amount of sleep obtained by elite swimmers. European Journal of Sport Science. 14(Supplement 1), pp. 310 - 315. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2012.696711
Sleep in elite athletes and nutritional interventions to enhance sleep
Halson, Shona. (2014). Sleep in elite athletes and nutritional interventions to enhance sleep. Sports Medicine. 44(Supplement 1), pp. 13 - 23. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-014-0147-0
Sleep quantity and quality in elite youth soccer players: A pilot study
Robey, Elisa, Dawson, Brian, Halson, Shona, Gregson, Warren, Goodman, Carmel and Eastwood, Peter R.. (2014). Sleep quantity and quality in elite youth soccer players: A pilot study. European Journal of Sport Science. 14(5), pp. 410 - 417. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2013.843024
Evaluating the Kikuhime pressure monitor for use with sports compression clothing
Brophy-Williams, Ned, Driller, Matthew, Halson, Shona, Fell, James W. and Shing, C.. (2014). Evaluating the Kikuhime pressure monitor for use with sports compression clothing. Sports Engineering. 17(1), pp. 55 - 60. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12283-013-0125-z
Nitrate supplementation and high-intensity performance in competitive cyclists
Hoon, Matthew, Hopkins, William, Jones, Andrew, Martin, David, Halson, Shona, West, Nicholas, Johnson, Nathan and Burke, Louise. (2014). Nitrate supplementation and high-intensity performance in competitive cyclists. Applied Physiology, Nutrition and Metabolism. 39(9), pp. 1043 - 1049. https://doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2013-0574
Dairy-Based Preexercise Meal Does Not Affect Gut Comfort or Time-Trial Performance in Female Cyclists
Haakonssen, Eric, Ross, Megan, Cato, Louise, Nana, Alisa, Knight, Emma, Jenkins, David, Martin, David and Burke, Louise. (2014). Dairy-Based Preexercise Meal Does Not Affect Gut Comfort or Time-Trial Performance in Female Cyclists. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism. 24(5), pp. 553 - 558. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2014-0069
Reliability of a 2-bout exercise test on a wattbike cycle ergometer
Driller, Matthew W., Argus, Christos K., Bartram, Jason C., Bonaventura, Jacinta, Martin, David T., West, Nicholas P. and Halson, Shona. (2014). Reliability of a 2-bout exercise test on a wattbike cycle ergometer. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance. 9(2), pp. 340 - 345. https://doi.org/10.1123/IJSPP.2013-0103
Increased lean mass with reduced fat mass in an elite female cyclist returning to competition : Case study
Haakonssen, Eric, Martin, David, Burke, Louise and Jenkins, David. (2013). Increased lean mass with reduced fat mass in an elite female cyclist returning to competition : Case study. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.8.6.699
Precooling methods and their effects on athletic performance : A systematic review and practical applications
Ross, M, Abbiss, Chris, Laursen, P, Martin, D and Burke, Louise. (2013). Precooling methods and their effects on athletic performance : A systematic review and practical applications. Sports Medicine: reviews of applied medicine and science in sport and exercise. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-012-0014-9
Energy expenditure of constant- and variable-intensity cycling : Power meter estimates
Haakonssen, E, Martin, D, Burke, Louise and Jenkins, David. (2013). Energy expenditure of constant- and variable-intensity cycling : Power meter estimates. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e31828e18e6
Increased lean mass with reduced fat mass in an elite female cyclist returning to competition : Case study
Haakonssen, Eric, Martin, David, Burke, Louise and Jenkins, David. (2013). Increased lean mass with reduced fat mass in an elite female cyclist returning to competition : Case study. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.8.6.699
Energy expenditure of constant- and variable-intensity cycling : Power meter estimates
Haakonssen, E, Martin, D, Burke, Louise and Jenkins, David. (2013). Energy expenditure of constant- and variable-intensity cycling : Power meter estimates. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e31828e18e6
Short-term hematological effects upon completion of a four-week simulated altitude camp
Pottgiesser,Torben, Garvican, Laura A., Martin, David T., Featonby, Jesse M., Gore, Christopher J. and Schumacher, Yorck O.. (2012). Short-term hematological effects upon completion of a four-week simulated altitude camp. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance. 7(1), pp. 79-83. https://doi.org/10.1123/Ijspp.7.1.79
Effects of lowering body temperature via hyperhydration, with and without glycerol ingestion and practical precooling on cycling time trial performance in hot and humid conditions
Ross, M, Jeacocke, N, Laursen, P, Martin, D, Abbiss, Chris and Burke, Louise. (2012). Effects of lowering body temperature via hyperhydration, with and without glycerol ingestion and practical precooling on cycling time trial performance in hot and humid conditions. International Society of Sports Nutrition. 9(55), pp. 1 - 11. https://doi.org/10.1186/1550-2783-9-55
Novel precooling strategy enhances time trial cycling in the heat
Ross, M, Garvican, L, Jeacocke, N, Laursen, P, Abbiss, Chris, Martin, D and Burke, Louise. (2011). Novel precooling strategy enhances time trial cycling in the heat. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 43(1), pp. 123 - 133. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181e93210
Single-leg cycle training is superior to double-leg cycling in improving the oxidative potential and metabolic profile of trained skeletal muscle
Abbiss, Chris, Karagounis, L, Laursen, P, Peiffer, J, Martin, D, Hawley, John, Fatehee, N and Martin, J.. (2011). Single-leg cycle training is superior to double-leg cycling in improving the oxidative potential and metabolic profile of trained skeletal muscle. Journal of Applied Physiology. 110(5), pp. 1248 - 1255. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01247.2010
Reply
Hawley, John and Martin, David. (2010). Reply. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance. 5(4), pp. 434 - 436.
Daily training with high carbohydrate availability increases exogenous carbohydrate oxidation during endurance cycling
Cox, Geoffrey, Clark, Sally, Cox, A, Halson, Shona, Hargreaves, M, Hawley, John, Jeacocke, N, Snow, Rod, Yeo, W and Burke, Louise. (2010). Daily training with high carbohydrate availability increases exogenous carbohydrate oxidation during endurance cycling. Journal of Applied Physiology. 109(1), pp. 126 - 134. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00950.2009
Cytokine responses to carbohydrate ingestion during recovery from exercise-induced muscle injury
Ross, M, Halson, Shona, Suzuki, K, Garnham, A, Hawley, John, Cameron-Smith, David and Peake, J. (2010). Cytokine responses to carbohydrate ingestion during recovery from exercise-induced muscle injury. Journal of Interferon and Cytokine Research. 30(5), pp. 329 - 337. https://doi.org/10.1089/jir.2009.0079