Hamstring strain injury risk factors in Australian Football change over the course of the season

Journal article

Sim, Aylwin, Timmins, Ryan G., Ruddy, Joshua D., Shen, Haifeng, Liao, Kewen, Maniar, Nirav, Hickey, Jack T., Williams, Morgan D. and Opar, David A.. (2023). Hamstring strain injury risk factors in Australian Football change over the course of the season. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000003297
AuthorsSim, Aylwin, Timmins, Ryan G., Ruddy, Joshua D., Shen, Haifeng, Liao, Kewen, Maniar, Nirav, Hickey, Jack T., Williams, Morgan D. and Opar, David A.
Abstract

Background/aim
To determine which factors were most predictive of hamstring strain injury (HSI) during different stages of the competition in professional Australian Football.

Methods
Across two competitive seasons, eccentric knee flexor strength and biceps femoris long head (BFlh) architecture of 311 Australian Football players (455 player seasons) were assessed at the start and end of pre-season and in the middle of the competitive season. Details of any prospective HSIs were collated by medical staff of participating teams. Multiple logistic regression models were built to identify important risk factors for HSI at the different time points across the season.

Results
There were 16, 33 and 21 new HSIs reported in preseason, early in-season, and late in-season, respectively across two competitive seasons. Multivariate logistic regression and recursive feature selection revealed that risk factors were different for pre-season, early in-season and late in-season HSIs. A combination of prior HSI, age, height and muscle thickness were most associated with pre-season injuries (median AUC, 0.83). Pennation angle and fascicle length had the strongest association with early in-season injuries (median AUC, 0.86). None of the input variables were associated with late in-season injuries (median AUC, 0.46). Identification of early in-season HSIs and late in-season HSIs was not improved by the magnitude of change of data across pre-season (median AUC, 0.67).

Conclusions
Risk factors associated with prospective HSIs were different across the season in Australian Rules Football, with non-modifiable factors (prior HSI, age, and height) mostly associated with pre-season injuries. Early in-season HSIs were associated with modifiable factors, notably BFlh architectural measures. The prediction of in-season HSIs was not improved by assessing the magnitude of change in data across pre-season.

Keywordshamstring; injury; Australian Football season
Year2023
JournalMedicine and Science in Sports and Exercise
PublisherWolters Kluwer
ISSN1530-0315
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000003297
PubMed ID37707490
Open accessPublished as green open access
Author's accepted manuscript
License
All rights reserved
File Access Level
Open
Output statusIn press
Publication process dates
Accepted29 Aug 2023
Deposited21 Sep 2023
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Muscle contributions to medial and lateral tibiofemoral compressive loads during sidestep cutting
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Preseason hip/groin strength and HAGOS scores are associated with subsequent injury in professional male soccer players
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Inferring location types with geo-social-temporal pattern mining
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Determinants of hamstring fascicle length in professional rugby league athletes
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Factors that impact self-reported wellness scores in elite Australian Footballers
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Differences in lower limb strength and structure after 12 weeks of resistance, endurance, and concurrent training
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An experimental evaluation of imbalanced learning and time-series validation in the context of CI/CD prediction
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An adaptive differential evolution algorithm to optimal multi-level thresholding for MRI brain image segmentation
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A novel device to assess hip strength : Concurrent validity and normative values in male athletes
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Information visualisation methods and techniques: State-of-the-art and future directions
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Razor hamstring curl and Nordic hamstring exercise architectural adaptations : Impact of exercise selection and intensity
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Effect of acute augmented feedback on between limb asymmetries and eccentric knee flexor strength during the Nordic hamstring exercise
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Non-knee-spanning muscles contribute to tibiofemoral shear as well as valgus and rotational joint reaction moments during unanticipated sidestep cutting
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An evidence-based framework for strengthening exercises to prevent hamstring injury
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The interplay of factors affecting learning of introductory programming: A comparative study of an Australian and an Indian University
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The effect of Nordic hamstring exercise training volume on biceps femoris long head architectural adaptation
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Integrating localization and energy-awareness: A novel geographic routing protocol for underwater wireless sensor networks
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Hamstring strain injury: objective assessment tools and exercise-specific progression criteria during pain-threshold rehabilitation
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Infographic. Impact of the Nordic hamstring and hip extension exercises on hamstring architecture and morphology: Implications for injury prevention
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A smartphone-based point-of-care quantitative urinalysis device for chronic kidney disease patients
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Extending attention span for children with ADHD using an attentive visual interface
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A fast algorithm for optimally finding partially disjoint shortest paths
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A novel apparatus to measure knee flexor strength during various hamstring exercises: A reliability and retrospective injury study
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Adaptations to concurrent training in combination with high protein availability: A comparative trial in healthy, recreationally active men
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Non-knee-spanning muscles contribute to tibiofemoral shear as well as valgus and rotational joint reaction moments during unanticipated sidestep cutting
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Impact of exercise selection on hamstring muscle activation
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Muscle force contributions to knee joint loading
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On the feasibility of a smartphone-based solution to rapid quantitative urinalysis using nanomaterial bioprobes
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Are you a human or a humanoid: Predictive user modelling through behavioural analysis of online gameplay data
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Impact of the Nordic hamstring and hip extension exercises on hamstring architecture and morphology: Implications for injury prevention
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Biceps femoris architecture : The association with injury and response to training
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There is strength in numbers for muscle injuries it is time to establish an international collaborative registry
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Effect of prior injury on changes to biceps femoris architecture across an Australian football league season
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Automatic clustering and summarisation of microblogs: A multi-subtopic phrase reinforcement algorithm
Alghamdi, Mahfouth and Shen, Haifeng. (2017). Automatic clustering and summarisation of microblogs: A multi-subtopic phrase reinforcement algorithm. In M. Wagner, X. Li and T. Hendtlass (Ed.). Third Australasian Conference, ACALCI 2017, Geelong, VIC, Australia, January 31 – February 2, 2017, Proceedings. United States of America: Springer International Publishing. pp. 86 - 98 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51691-2_8
iLSE: An intelligent web-based system for log structuring and extraction
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Criteria for progressing rehabilitation and determining return to play clearance following hamstring strain injury: A systematic review
Hickey, Jack, Timmins, Ryan G., Maniar, Nirav, Williams, Morgan and Opar, David. (2017). Criteria for progressing rehabilitation and determining return to play clearance following hamstring strain injury: A systematic review. Sports Medicine. 47(7). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-016-0667-x
Predictive modeling of hamstring strain injuries in elite Australian footballers
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Running exposure is associated with the risk of hamstring strain injury in elite Australian footballers
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Drop punt kicking induces eccentric knee flexor weakness associated with reductions in hamstring electromyographic activity
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A cost model for long-term compressed data retention
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Edge labeling schemes for graph data
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Voluntary participation in discussion forums as an engagement indicator : An empirical study of teaching first-year programming
Sharma, Ritu, Shen, Haifeng and Goodwin, Robert. (2016). Voluntary participation in discussion forums as an engagement indicator : An empirical study of teaching first-year programming. OzCHI '16: The 28th Australian Conference on Computer-Human Interaction, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia - November 29 - December 02, 2016. Association for Computing Machinery (ACM). pp. 489-493 https://doi.org/10.1145/3010915.3010967
Muscle activation patterns in the Nordic hamstring exercise: Impact of prior strain injury
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Web of credit: Adaptive personalized trust network inference from online rating data
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Effective construction of relative Lempel-Ziv dictionaries
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Biceps femoris architecture and strength in athletes with a prior ACL reconstruction
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Hamstring strength and flexibility after hamstring strain injury: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Maniar, Nirav, Shielf, Anthony J., Williams, Morgan D., Timmins, Ryan G. and Opar, David A.. (2016). Hamstring strength and flexibility after hamstring strain injury: A systematic review and meta-analysis. British Journal of Sports Medicine. 50(15), pp. 909-920. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2015-095311
Is there evidence to support the use of the angle of peak torque as a marker of hamstring injury and re-injury risk?
Timmins, Ryan G., Shield, Anthony J., Williams, Morgan D. and Opar, David A.. (2016). Is there evidence to support the use of the angle of peak torque as a marker of hamstring injury and re-injury risk? Sports Medicine. 46(1), pp. 7-13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-015-0378-8
Sentiment analysis and visualisation in a backchannel system
Jiranantanagorn, Peerumporn and Shen, Haifeng. (2016). Sentiment analysis and visualisation in a backchannel system. OzCHI '16: The 28th Australian Conference on Computer-Human Interaction, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia - November 29 - December 02, 2016. United States of America: Association for Computing Machinery (ACM). pp. 353 - 357 https://doi.org/10.1145/3010915.3010992
Effect of high-speed running on hamstring strain injury risk
Duhig, Steven, Shield, Anthony, Opar, David, Gabbett, Tim, Ferguson, Cameron and Williams, Morgan. (2016). Effect of high-speed running on hamstring strain injury risk. British Journal of Sports Medicine. 50(24). https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2015-095679
Short biceps femoris fascicles and eccentric knee flexor weakness increase the risk of hamstring injury in elite football (soccer): a prospective cohort study
Timmins, Ryan G., Bourne, Matthew N., Shield, Anthony J., Williams, Morgan, Lorenzen, Christian and Opar, David. (2016). Short biceps femoris fascicles and eccentric knee flexor weakness increase the risk of hamstring injury in elite football (soccer): a prospective cohort study. British Journal of Sports Medicine. 50(24). https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2015-095362
Architectural changes of the biceps femoris long head after concentric or eccentric training
Timmins, Ryan G., Ruddy, Joshua D., Presland, Joel, Maniar, Nirav and Williams, Morgan. (2016). Architectural changes of the biceps femoris long head after concentric or eccentric training. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 48(3), pp. 499-508. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000000795
Reliability of measures of quadriceps muscle function using magnetic stimulation
Tofari, Paul J., Opar, David, Kemp, Justin Guy, Billaut, Francois and Cormack, Stuart John. (2016). Reliability of measures of quadriceps muscle function using magnetic stimulation. Muscle & Nerve. https://doi.org/10.1002/mus.24926
Architectural adaptations of muscle to training and injury: A narrative review outlining the contributions by fascicle length, pennation angle and muscle thickness
Timmins, Ryan G., Shield, Anthony J., Williams, Morgan D., Lorenzen, Christian and Opar, David. (2016). Architectural adaptations of muscle to training and injury: A narrative review outlining the contributions by fascicle length, pennation angle and muscle thickness. British Journal of Sports Medicine. 50(23). https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2015-094881
Comparisons of eccentric knee flexor strength and asymmetries across elite, sub-elite and school level cricket players
Chalker, Wade J., Shield, Anthony J., Opar, David and Keogh, Justin W. L.. (2016). Comparisons of eccentric knee flexor strength and asymmetries across elite, sub-elite and school level cricket players. PeerJ. 4, pp. 1 - 10. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1594
Concealing jitter in multi-player online games through predictive behaviour modeling
Gao, Chen, Shen, Haifeng and Babar, Muhammed Ali. (2016). Concealing jitter in multi-player online games through predictive behaviour modeling. In W. Shen, X. Liu and C. Yang, J.-P. Barthès, J. Luo, L. Chen and J. Yong (Ed.). The 2016 IEEE 20th international conference on computer supported cooperative work in design (CSCWD), May 4-6, 2016, Nanching, China. United States of America: IEEE Computer Society. pp. 62 - 67 https://doi.org/10.1109/CSCWD.2016.7565964
Cloud for e-Learning: Determinants of its adoption by university students in a developing country
Almazroi, Abdulwahab Ali, Shen, Haifeng, Teoh, Kung-Keat and Babar, Muhammed Ali. (2016). Cloud for e-Learning: Determinants of its adoption by university students in a developing country. In J. Guo, H. Cai and X. Fei, K.-M. Chao and J.-Y. Chung (Ed.). The thirteenth IEEE international conference on e-business engineering, 4-6 November 2016, Macau, China. United States of America: IEEE Computer Society. pp. 71 - 78 https://doi.org/10.1109/ICEBE.2016.022
NSSSD: A new semantic hierarchical storage for sensor data
Gheisari, Mehdi, Movassagh, Ali Akbar, Qin, Yongrui, Yong, Jianming, Tao, Xiaohui, Zhang, Ji and Shen, Haifeng. (2016). NSSSD: A new semantic hierarchical storage for sensor data. The 2016 IEEE 20th international conference on computer supported cooperative work in design (CSCWD), May 4-6, 2016, Nanching, China. United States of America: IEEE Computer Society. pp. 174 - 179 https://doi.org/10.1109/CSCWD.2016.7565984
What do submarines have in common with diabetes?
Rio, Ebony, Timmins, Ryan Gregory and Opar, David. (2016). What do submarines have in common with diabetes? British Journal of Sports Medicine. 50(16), pp. 955 - 956. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2016-096646
Partial selection of agile software requirements
Mougouei, Davoud, Shen, Haifeng and Babar, Muhammad Ali. (2015). Partial selection of agile software requirements. International Journal of Software Engineering and Its Applications. 9(1), pp. 113-126. https://doi.org/10.14257/ijseia.2015.9.1.10
Improved approximation algorithms for constrained fault-tolerant resource allocation
Liao, Kewen, Shen, Hong and Guo, Longkun. (2015). Improved approximation algorithms for constrained fault-tolerant resource allocation. Theoretical Computer Science. 590, pp. 118-128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tcs.2015.02.029
Improved approximation algorithms for computing k disjoint paths subject to two constraints
Guo, Longkun, Shen, Hong and Liao, Kewen. (2015). Improved approximation algorithms for computing k disjoint paths subject to two constraints. Journal of Combinatorial Optimization. 29(1), pp. 153-164. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10878-013-9693-x
Brief announcement : Efficient approximation algorithms for computing k disjoint restricted shortest paths
Guo, Longkun, Liao, Kewen, Shen, Hong and Li, Peng. (2015). Brief announcement : Efficient approximation algorithms for computing k disjoint restricted shortest paths. 27th ACM Symposium on Parallelism in Algorithms and Architectures. Portland, Oregon, United States of America 13 - 15 Jun 2015 Association for Computing Machinery. pp. 62–64 https://doi.org/10.1145/2755573.2755608
The juxtaposition of science and medicine in sport. Can we all play together nicely?
Opar, David and Rio, Ebony. (2015). The juxtaposition of science and medicine in sport. Can we all play together nicely? British Journal of Sports Medicine. 49(10), pp. 640 - 641. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2015-094819
Eccentric knee flexor strength and risk of hamstring injuries in Rugby Union: A prospective study
Bourne, Matthew, Opar, David, Williams, Morgan and Shield, Anthony. (2015). Eccentric knee flexor strength and risk of hamstring injuries in Rugby Union: A prospective study. American Journal of Sports Medicine. 43(11), pp. 2663 - 2670. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546515599633
Acute injuries in track and field athletes : A 3-year observational study at the penn relays carnival with epidemiology and medical coverage implications
Opar, David, Drezner, Jonathan, Shield, Anthony, Williams, Morgan, Webner, David, Sennett, Brian, Kapur, Rahul, Cohen, Marc, Ulager, James, Cafengiu, Ana and Cronholm, Peter F. (2015). Acute injuries in track and field athletes : A 3-year observational study at the penn relays carnival with epidemiology and medical coverage implications. American Journal of Sports Medicine. 43(4), pp. 816 - 822. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546514562553
Comparison of anthropometry, upper body strength and lower body power characteristics in different levels of Australian Football players
Bilsborough, Johann, Greenway, Kate, Opar, David, Livingstone, Steuart, Cordy, Justin, Bird, S. and Coutts, Aaron. (2015). Comparison of anthropometry, upper body strength and lower body power characteristics in different levels of Australian Football players. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 29(3), pp. 826 - 834. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000000682
Eccentric hamstring strength and hamstring injury risk in Australian footballers
Opar, David A., Williams, Morgan D., Timmins, Ryan G., Duhig, Steven and Shield, Anthony J.. (2015). Eccentric hamstring strength and hamstring injury risk in Australian footballers. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 47(4). https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000000465
The effect of previous hamstring strain injury on the change in eccentric hamstring strength during preseason training in elite Australian footballers
Opar, David A., Williams, Morgan D., Timmins, Ryan G., Hickey, Jack, Duhig, Steven J. and Shield, Anthony J.. (2015). The effect of previous hamstring strain injury on the change in eccentric hamstring strength during preseason training in elite Australian footballers. American Journal of Sports Medicine. 43(2), pp. 377-384. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546514556638
Biceps femoris long head architecture: A reliability and retrospective injury study
Timmins, Ryan Gregory, Shield, Anthony, Williams, Morgan, Lorenzen, Christian and Opar, David. (2015). Biceps femoris long head architecture: A reliability and retrospective injury study. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 47(5), pp. 905 - 913. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000000507
A lightweight solution to version incompatibility in service-oriented revision control systems
Almalki, Jameel and Shen, Haifeng. (2015). A lightweight solution to version incompatibility in service-oriented revision control systems. ASWEC 2015: 24th Australasian Software Engineering Conference, Adelaide, SA, Australia. United States of America: Association for Computing Machinery (ACM). pp. 59 - 63 https://doi.org/10.1145/2811681.2811693
The effect of using different regions of interest on local and mean skin temperature
Maniar, Nirav, Bach, Aaron, Stewart, Ian and Costello, Joseph. (2015). The effect of using different regions of interest on local and mean skin temperature. Journal of Thermal Biology. 49-50, pp. 33 - 38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtherbio.2015.01.008
Biceps femoris long head architecture: The association with hamstring injury and response to training
Timmins, Ryan Gregory. (2015). Biceps femoris long head architecture: The association with hamstring injury and response to training [Thesis]. https://doi.org/10.4226/66/5a9cbd05b0b98
An efficient and reliable geographic routing protocol based on partial network coding for underwater sensor networks
Hao, Kun, Jin, Zhigang, Shen, Haifeng and Wang, Ying. (2015). An efficient and reliable geographic routing protocol based on partial network coding for underwater sensor networks. Sensors. 15(6), pp. 12720 - 12735. https://doi.org/10.3390/s150612720
Designing a mobile digital backchannel system for monitoring sentiments and emotions in large lectures
Jiranantanagorn, Peerumporn, Bhardwaj, Parveen, Li, Ruilun, Shen, Haifeng, Goodwin, Robert and Teoh, Kung-Keat. (2015). Designing a mobile digital backchannel system for monitoring sentiments and emotions in large lectures. In F.-Ch. Kuo, S. Marshall and H. Shen, M. Stumptner and M. Ali Babar (Ed.). ASWEC 2015: 24th Australasian Software Engineering Conference, Adelaide, SA, Australia. United States of America: Association for Computing Machinery (ACM). pp. 141 - 144 https://doi.org/10.1145/2811681.2824994
Extending attention span of ADHD Children through an eye tracker directed adaptive user interface
Asiry, Othman, Shen, Haifeng and Calder, Paul. (2015). Extending attention span of ADHD Children through an eye tracker directed adaptive user interface. In F.-Ch. Kuo, S. Marshall and H. Shen, M. Stumptner and M. Ali Babar (Ed.). ASWEC 2015: 24th Australasian Software Engineering Conference, Adelaide, SA, Australia. United States of America: Association for Computing Machinery (ACM). pp. 149 - 152 https://doi.org/10.1145/2811681.2824997
Sustaining cognitive diversity in collaborative learning through shared spatially separated virtual workspaces on mobile devices
Reilly, Mark, Shen, Haifeng, Calder, Paul and Duh, Henry. (2015). Sustaining cognitive diversity in collaborative learning through shared spatially separated virtual workspaces on mobile devices. In In Wyeld, T., Calder, P. and Shen, H. (Ed.). Computer-human interaction: Cognitive effects of spatial interaction, learning, and ability pp. 171 - 193 Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16940-8_9
LP-based approximation algorithms for reliable resource allocation
Liao, Kewen and Shen, Hong. (2014). LP-based approximation algorithms for reliable resource allocation. The Computer Journal. 57(1), pp. 154-164. https://doi.org/10.1093/comjnl/bxs164
On the shallow-light Steiner tree problem
Guo, Longkun, Liao, Kewen and Shen, Hong. (2014). On the shallow-light Steiner tree problem. 15th International Conference on Parallel and Distributed Computing, Applications and Technologies (PDCAT 2014). Hong Kong, China 09 - 14 Dec 2014 IEEE Computer Society. pp. 56-60 https://doi.org/10.1109/PDCAT.2014.17
The accuracy and precision of DXA for assessing body composition in team sport athletes
Bilsborough, Johann, Greenway, Kate, Opar, David, Livingstone, Steuart, Cordy, Justin and Coutts, Aaron. (2014). The accuracy and precision of DXA for assessing body composition in team sport athletes. Journal of Sports Sciences. 32(19), pp. 1821 - 1828. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2014.926380
Effect of off-zenith observations on reducing the impact of precipitation on ground-based microwave radiometer measurement accuracy
Xu, Guirong, Stick Ware, Randolph, Zhang, Wengang, Feng, Guangliu, Liao, Kewen and Liu, Yibing. (2014). Effect of off-zenith observations on reducing the impact of precipitation on ground-based microwave radiometer measurement accuracy. Atmospheric Research. 140-141, pp. 85 - 94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2014.01.021
Towards a collaborative classroom through shared workspaces on mobile devices
Reilly, Mark, Shen, Haifeng, Calder, Paul and Duh, Henry. (2014). Towards a collaborative classroom through shared workspaces on mobile devices. BCS-HCI '14: The 28th International BCS Human Computer Interaction Conference on HCI 2014 - Sand, Sea and Sky - Holiday HCI. United Kingdom: Electronic Workshops in Computing. pp. 335 - 340
Is there a potential relationship between prior hamstring strain injury and increased risk for future anterior cruciate ligament injury?
Opar, David and Serpell, Benjamin. (2014). Is there a potential relationship between prior hamstring strain injury and increased risk for future anterior cruciate ligament injury? Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 95(2). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2013.07.028
Stimulating high quality social media through knowledge barter-auctioning
Ji, Qijin, Shen, Haifeng, Mao, Yuqing and Zhu, Yanqing. (2014). Stimulating high quality social media through knowledge barter-auctioning. SocialCom '14: The 2014 International Conference on Social Computing, August 04-07 2014, Beijing, China. United States of America: Association for Computing Machinery (ACM). pp. 4 - 11 https://doi.org/10.1145/2639968.2640068
SORC: Service-oriented distributed revision control for collaborative web programming
Bin Sarib, Ahmad Sholehin and Shen, Haifeng. (2014). SORC: Service-oriented distributed revision control for collaborative web programming. 2014 IEEE 18th International Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work in Design (CSCWD 2014), Hsinchu, Taiwan, 21-23 May 2014. United States of America: IEEE Computer Society. pp. 638 - 643 https://doi.org/10.1109/CSCWD.2014.6846919
Reduced biceps femoris myoelectrical activity influences eccentric knee flexor weakness after repeat sprint running
Timmins, R. G., Opar, D. A., Williams, M. D., Schache, A. G., Dear, N. M. and Shield, A. J.. (2014). Reduced biceps femoris myoelectrical activity influences eccentric knee flexor weakness after repeat sprint running. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports. 24(4), pp. e299-e305. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.12171
The financial cost of hamstring strain injuries in the Australian Football League
Hickey, Jack, Shield, Anthony J., Williams, Morgan D. and Opar, David A. (2014). The financial cost of hamstring strain injuries in the Australian Football League. British Journal of Sports Medicine. 48(8), pp. 729-730. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2013-092884
Acute hamstring strain injury in track-and-field athletes: A 3-year observational study at the Penn Relay Carnival
Opar, David, Drezner, Jonathan, Shield, Anthony, Williams, Morgan, Webner, David, Sennett, Brian, Kapur, Rahul, Cohen, M., Ulager, James and Cafengiu, Ana. (2014). Acute hamstring strain injury in track-and-field athletes: A 3-year observational study at the Penn Relay Carnival. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports. 24(4). https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.12159
A novel device using the Nordic hamstring exercise to assess eccentric knee flexor strength: A reliability and retrospective injury study
Opar, David, Piatowski, Timothy, Williams, Morgan and Shield, Anthony J.. (2013). A novel device using the Nordic hamstring exercise to assess eccentric knee flexor strength: A reliability and retrospective injury study. Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy. 43(9), pp. 636 - 640. https://doi.org/10.2519/jospt.2013.4837
Rate of torque and electromyographic development during anticipated eccentric contraction is lower in previously strained hamstrings
Opar, David A., Williams, Morgan D., Timmins, Ryan G. and Dear, Nuala M. (2013). Rate of torque and electromyographic development during anticipated eccentric contraction is lower in previously strained hamstrings. The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 41(1), pp. 116-125. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546512462809
The role of neuromuscular inhibition in hamstring strain injury recurrence
Fyfe, Jackson, Opar, David, Williams, Morgan and Shield, Anthony. (2013). The role of neuromuscular inhibition in hamstring strain injury recurrence. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology. 23(3), pp. 523-530. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelekin.2012.12.006
Knee flexor strength and bicep femoris electromyographical activity is lower in previously strained hamstrings
Opar, David A., Williams, Morgan D., Timmins, Ryan G., Dear, Nuala M. and Shield, Anthony J. (2013). Knee flexor strength and bicep femoris electromyographical activity is lower in previously strained hamstrings. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology. 23(3), pp. 696-703. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelekin.2012.11.004
Hamstring strain injuries : Factors that lead to injury and re-injury
Opar, David A., Williams, Morgan D. and Shield, Anthony J. (2012). Hamstring strain injuries : Factors that lead to injury and re-injury. Sports Medicine. 42(3), pp. 209-226. https://doi.org/10.2165/11594800-000000000-00000