Protein supplementation after exercise and before sleep does not further augment muscle mass and strength gains during resistance exercise training in active older men

Journal article

Holwerda, Andrew M., Overkamp, Maarten, Paulussen, Kevin J. M., Smeets, Joey S. J., Van Kranenburg, Janneau, Backx, E. M. P., Gijsen, Annemie P., Goessens, Joy P. B., Verdijk, Lex B. and van Loon, Luc. (2018). Protein supplementation after exercise and before sleep does not further augment muscle mass and strength gains during resistance exercise training in active older men. The Journal of Nutrition. 148(11), pp. 1723 - 1732. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/nxy169
AuthorsHolwerda, Andrew M., Overkamp, Maarten, Paulussen, Kevin J. M., Smeets, Joey S. J., Van Kranenburg, Janneau, Backx, E. M. P., Gijsen, Annemie P., Goessens, Joy P. B., Verdijk, Lex B. and van Loon, Luc
Abstract

Background:
The proposed benefits of protein supplementation on the skeletal muscle adaptive response to resistance exercise training in older adults remain unclear.
Objective:
The present study assessed whether protein supplementation after exercise and before sleep augments muscle mass and strength gains during resistance exercise training in older individuals.
Methods:
Forty-one older men [mean ± SEM age: 70 ± 1 y; body mass index (kg/m2): 25.3 ± 0.4] completed 12 wk of whole-body resistance exercise training (3 sessions/wk) and were randomly assigned to ingest either protein (21 g protein, 3 g total leucine, 9 g carbohydrate, 3 g fat; n = 21) or an energy-matched placebo (0 g protein, 25 g carbohydrate, 6 g fat; n = 20) after exercise and each night before sleep. Maximal strength was assessed by 1-repetition-maximum (1RM) strength testing, and muscle hypertrophy was assessed at the whole-body (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry), upper leg (computed tomography scan), and muscle fiber (biopsy) levels. Muscle protein synthesis rates were assessed during week 12 of training with the use of deuterated water (2H2O) administration.
Results:
Leg-extension 1RM increased in both groups (placebo: 88 ± 3 to 104 ± 4 kg; protein: 85 ± 3 to 102 ± 4 kg; P < 0.001), with no differences between groups. Quadriceps cross-sectional area (placebo: 67.8 ± 1.7 to 73.5 ± 2.0 cm2; protein: 68.4 ± 1.4 to 72.3 ± 1.4 cm2; P < 0.001) increased in both groups, with no differences between groups. Muscle fiber hypertrophy occurred in type II muscle fibers (placebo: 5486 ± 418 to 6492 ± 429 μm2; protein: 5367 ± 301 to 6259 ± 391 μm2; P < 0.001), with no differences between groups.Muscle protein synthesis rates were 1.62% ± 0.06% and 1.57% ± 0.05%/d in the placebo and protein groups, respectively, with no differences between groups.
Conclusion:
Protein supplementation after exercise and before sleep does not further augment skeletal muscle mass or strength gains during resistance exercise training in active older men. This study was registered at the Netherlands Trial Registry (www.trialregister.nl) as NTR5082.

Keywordsaging; exercise; dietary protein; muscle mass; muscle protein synthesis
Year2018
JournalThe Journal of Nutrition
Journal citation148 (11), pp. 1723 - 1732
PublisherOxford University Press
ISSN0022-3166
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/nxy169
Scopus EID2-s2.0-85055787747
Page range1723 - 1732
Research GroupMary MacKillop Institute for Health Research
Publisher's version
File Access Level
Controlled
Place of publicationUnited Kingdom
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Trommelen, Jorn and Van Loon, Luc J. C.. (2021). Assessing the whole-body protein synthetic response to feeding in vivo in human subjects. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society. 80, pp. 139-147. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0029665120008009
Exercise plus presleep protein ingestion increases overnight muscle connective tissue protein synthesis rates in healthy older men
Holwerda, Andrew M., Trommelen, Jorn, Kouw, Imre W. K., Senden, Joan M., Goessens, Joy P. B., van Kranenburg, Janneau, Gijsen, Annemie P., Verdijk, Lex B. and van Loon, Luc J. C.. (2021). Exercise plus presleep protein ingestion increases overnight muscle connective tissue protein synthesis rates in healthy older men. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism. 31(3), pp. 317-226. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2020-0222
Whey protein supplementation does not accelerate recovery from a single bout of eccentric exercise
Hilkens, Luuk, De Bock, Jolien, Kretzers, Joris, Kardinaal, Alwine F. M., Floris-Vollenbroek, Esther G., Scholtens, Petra A. M. J., Horstman, Astrid M. H., van Loon, Luc J. C. and van Dijk, Jan-Willem. (2021). Whey protein supplementation does not accelerate recovery from a single bout of eccentric exercise. Applied Physiology, Nutrition and Metabolism. 39(3), pp. 322-331. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2020.1820184
Muscle fiber capillarization is associated with various indices of skeletal muscle mass in healthy, older men
Betz, M. W., Aussieker, T., Kruger, C. Q., Gorissen, S. H. M., van Loon, L. J. C. and Snijders, T.. (2021). Muscle fiber capillarization is associated with various indices of skeletal muscle mass in healthy, older men. Experimental Gerontology. 143, p. 111161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exger.2020.111161
Higher levels of physical activity are associated with greater fruit and vegetable intake in older adults
Van Loon, L.. (2021). Higher levels of physical activity are associated with greater fruit and vegetable intake in older adults. Journal of Nutrition, Health and Aging. 25(2), pp. 230-241. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12603-020-1520-3
Dietary protein intake does not modulate daily myofibrillar protein synthesis rates of loss of muscle mass and function during short-term immobilization in young men : a randomized controlled trial
Kilroe, Sean Paul, Fulford, Jonathan, Jackman, Sarah, Holwerda, Andrew, Gijsen, Annemie, van Loon, Luc and Wall, Benjamin Toby. (2021). Dietary protein intake does not modulate daily myofibrillar protein synthesis rates of loss of muscle mass and function during short-term immobilization in young men : a randomized controlled trial. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 113(3), pp. 548-561. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqaa136
Effect of acute and short-term dietary fat ingestion on postprandial skeletal muscle protein synthesis rates in middle-aged, overweight and obese men
Tsintzas, Kostas, Jones, Robert, Pabla, Pardeep, Mallinson, Joanne, Barrett, David A., Kim, Dong-Hyun, Cooper, Scott, Davies, Amanda, Taylor, Tariq, Chee, Carolyn, Gaffney, Christopher, van Loon, Luc J. C. and Stephens, Francis B.. (2020). Effect of acute and short-term dietary fat ingestion on postprandial skeletal muscle protein synthesis rates in middle-aged, overweight and obese men. American Journal of Physiology - Endocrinology and Metabolism. 318(3), pp. E417-E429. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00344.2019
In vitro ketone-supported mitochondrial respiration is minimal when other substrates are readily available in cardiac and skeletal muscle
Petrick, Heather L., Brunetta, Henver S., Pignanelli, Chris, Nunes, Everson A., van Loon, Luc J. C., Burr, Jamie F. and Holloway, Graham P.. (2020). In vitro ketone-supported mitochondrial respiration is minimal when other substrates are readily available in cardiac and skeletal muscle. The Journal of Physiology. 598(21), pp. 4869-4885. https://doi.org/10.1113/JP280032
Casein ingestion does not increase muscle connective tissue protein synthesis rates
Trommelen, Jorn, Holwerda, Andrew M., Senden, Joan M., Goessens, Joy P. B., Van Kranenburg, Janneau, Gijsen, Annemie P., Verdijk, Lex B. and van Loon, Luc J. C.. (2020). Casein ingestion does not increase muscle connective tissue protein synthesis rates. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 52(9), pp. 1983-1991. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000002337
The glycation level of milk protein strongly modulates post-prandial lysine availability in humans
Nyakayiru, Jean, van Lieshout, Glenn A. A., Trommelen, Jorn, van Kranenburg, Janneau, Verdijk, Lex B., Bragt, Marjolijn C. E. and van Loon, Luc J. C.. (2020). The glycation level of milk protein strongly modulates post-prandial lysine availability in humans. British Journal of Nutrition. 123(5), pp. 545-552. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114519002927
The concept of skeletal muscle memory : Evidence from animal and human studies
Snijders, Tim, Aussieker, Thorben, Holwerda, Andy, Parise, Gianni, van Loon, Luc J. C. and Verdijk, Lex B.. (2020). The concept of skeletal muscle memory : Evidence from animal and human studies. Acta Physiologica. 229(3), pp. 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1111/apha.13465
Temporal muscle-specific disuse atrophy during one week of leg immobilization
Kilroe, Sean P., Fulford, Jonathan, Jackman, Sarah R., van Loon, Luc J. C. and Wall, Benjamin T.. (2020). Temporal muscle-specific disuse atrophy during one week of leg immobilization. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 52(4), pp. 944-954. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000002200
Short-term bed rest-induced insulin resistance cannot be explained by increased mitochondrial H2O2 emission
Dirks, Marlou L., Miotto, Paula M., Goossens, Gijs H., Senden, Joan M., Petrick, Heather L., van Kranenburg, Janneau, van Loon, Luc J. C. and Holloway, Graham P.. (2020). Short-term bed rest-induced insulin resistance cannot be explained by increased mitochondrial H2O2 emission. The Journal of Physiology. 598(1), pp. 123-137. https://doi.org/10.1113/JP278920
Protein type, protein dose, and age modulate dietary protein digestion and phenylalanine absorption kinetics and plasma phenylalanine availability in humans
Gorissen, Stefan H. M., Trommelen, Jorn, Kouw, Imre W. K., Holwerda, Andrew M., Pennings, Bart, Groen, Bart B. L., Wall, Benjamin T., Churchward-Venne, Tyler A., Horstman, Astrid M. H., Koopman, René, Burd, Nicholas A., Fuchs, Cas J., Dirks, Marlou L., Res, Peter T., Senden, Joan M. G., Steijns, Jan M. J. M., de Groot, Lisette C. P. G. M., Verdijk, Lex B. and van Loon, Luc J. C.. (2020). Protein type, protein dose, and age modulate dietary protein digestion and phenylalanine absorption kinetics and plasma phenylalanine availability in humans. The Journal of Nutrition. 150(8), pp. 2041-2050. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/nxaa024
Postexercise cooling impairs muscle protein synthesis rates in recreational athletes
Fuchs, Cas J., Kouw, Imre W. K., Churchward-Venne, Tyler A., Smeets, Joey S. J., Senden, Joan M., Lichtenbelt, Wouter D. van Marken, Verdijk, Lex B. and van Loon, Luc J. C.. (2020). Postexercise cooling impairs muscle protein synthesis rates in recreational athletes. The Journal of Physiology. 598(4), pp. 755-772. https://doi.org/10.1113/JP278996
Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Effects of Carbohydrate Ingestion During Exercise
Ian Rollo, Javier T. Gonzalez, Cas J. Fuchs, Lucas Van Loon and Clyde Williams. (2020). Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Effects of Carbohydrate Ingestion During Exercise. Sports Medicine. 50(11), pp. 1863-1871. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-020-01343-3
PRESENT 2020: Text Expanding on the Checklist for Proper Reporting of Evidence in Sport and Exercise Nutrition Trials
James A. Betts, Javier T. Gonzalez, Louise Burke, Graeme L. Close, Ina Garthe, Lewis J James, Asker E Jeukendrup, James P. Morton, David C Nieman, Peter Peeling, Stuart M Phillips, Trent Stellingwerff, Lucas Van Loon, Clyde Williams, Kathleen Woolf, Ronald J. Maughan and Greg Atkinson. (2020). PRESENT 2020: Text Expanding on the Checklist for Proper Reporting of Evidence in Sport and Exercise Nutrition Trials. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism. 30(1), pp. 2-13. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2019-0326
Mitochondrial ROS and Aging: Understanding Exercise as a Preventive Tool
Henver S Brunetta, Andrew M Holwerda, Luc Van Loon and Graham P Holloway. (2020). Mitochondrial ROS and Aging: Understanding Exercise as a Preventive Tool. Journal of Science in Sport and Exercise. 2, pp. 15-24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42978-019-00037-1
Impact of whole dairy matrix on musculoskeletal health and aging–current knowledge and research gaps
N.R.W. Geiker, C. Mølgaard, S. Iuliano, R. Rizzoli, Y. Manios, L.J.C. van Loon, J.-M. Lecerf, G. Moschonis, J.-Y. Reginster, I. Givens and A. Astrup. (2020). Impact of whole dairy matrix on musculoskeletal health and aging–current knowledge and research gaps. Osteoporosis International. 31(4), pp. 601-615. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-019-05229-7
Intermittent versus continuous enteral nutrition attenuates increases in insulin and leptin during short-term bed rest
Gonzalez, Javier T., Dirks, Marlou L., Holwerda, Andrew M., Kouw, Imre W. K. and van Loon, Luc J. C.. (2020). Intermittent versus continuous enteral nutrition attenuates increases in insulin and leptin during short-term bed rest. European Journal of Applied Physiology. 120, pp. 2083-2094. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-020-04431-4
Impact of exercise-nutritional state interactions in patients with type 2 diabetes
Verboven, Kenneth, Wens, Inez, Vandenabeele, Frank, Stevens, An, Celie, Bert, Lapauw, Bruno, Dendale, Paul, van Loon, Luc J. C., Calders, Patrick and Hansen, Dominique. (2020). Impact of exercise-nutritional state interactions in patients with type 2 diabetes. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 52(3), pp. 720-728. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000002165
Could intramuscular storage of dietary nitrate contribute to its ergogenic effect? A mini-review
Jean Nyakayiru, Luc Van Loon and Lex B. Verdijk. (2020). Could intramuscular storage of dietary nitrate contribute to its ergogenic effect? A mini-review. Free Radical Biology & Medicine. 152, pp. 295-300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.03.025
Hot-water immersion does not increase postprandial muscle protein synthesis rates during recovery from resistance-type exercise in healthy, young males
Fuchs, Cas J., Smeets, Joey S. J., Senden, Joan M., Zorenc, Antoine H., Goessens, Joy P. B., van Marken Lichtenbelt, Wouter D., Verdijk, Lex B. and van Loon, Luc J. C.. (2020). Hot-water immersion does not increase postprandial muscle protein synthesis rates during recovery from resistance-type exercise in healthy, young males. Journal of Applied Physiology. 128(4), pp. 1012-1022. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00836.2019
Endurance-type exercise increases bulk and individual mitochondrial protein synthesis rates in rats
Holwerda, Andrew M., Bouwman, Freek G., Nabben, Miranda, Wang, Ping, van Kranenburg, Janneau, Gijsen, Annemie P., Burniston, Jatin G., Mariman, Edwin C. M. and van Loon, Luc J. C.. (2020). Endurance-type exercise increases bulk and individual mitochondrial protein synthesis rates in rats. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism. 30(2), pp. 153-164. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2019-0281
End-stage renal disease patients lose a substantial amount of amino acids during hemodialysis
Hendriks, Floris K., Smeets, Joey S. J., Broers, Natascha J. H., van Kranenburg, Janneau M. X., van der Sande, Frank M., Kooman, Jeroen P. and van Loon, Luc J. C.. (2020). End-stage renal disease patients lose a substantial amount of amino acids during hemodialysis. The Journal of Nutrition. 150(5), pp. 1160-1166. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/nxaa010
During hospitalization, older patients at risk for malnutrition consume <0.65 grams of protein per kilogram body weight per day
Weijzen, Michelle E. G., Kouw, Imre W. K., Geerlings, Phil, Verdijk, Lex B. and van Loon, Luc J. C.. (2020). During hospitalization, older patients at risk for malnutrition consume <0.65 grams of protein per kilogram body weight per day. Nutrition in Clinical Practice. 35(4), pp. 655-663. https://doi.org/10.1002/ncp.10542
Dose-response effects of dietary protein on muscle protein synthesis during recovery from endurance exercise in young men : A double-blind randomized trial
Churchward-Venne, Tyler A., Pinckaers, Philippe J. M., Smeets, Joey S. J., Betz, Milan W., Senden, Joan M., Goessens, Joy P. B., Gijsen, Annemie P., Rollo, Ian, Verdijk, Lex B. and van Loon, Luc J. C.. (2020). Dose-response effects of dietary protein on muscle protein synthesis during recovery from endurance exercise in young men : A double-blind randomized trial. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 112(2), pp. 303-317. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqaa073
Casein protein processing strongly modulates post-prandial plasma amino acid responses in vivo in humans
Trommelen, Jorn, Weijzen, Michelle E. G., van Kranenburg, Janneau, Ganzevles, Renate A., Beelen, Milou, Verdijk, Lex B. and van Loon, Luc J. C.. (2020). Casein protein processing strongly modulates post-prandial plasma amino acid responses in vivo in humans. Nutrients. 12(8), pp. 1-12. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12082299
A nitrate-rich vegetable intervention elevates plasma nitrate and nitrite concentrations and reduces blood pressure in healthy young adults
van der Avoort, Cindy M. T., Jonvik, Kristin L., Nyakayiru, Jean, van Loon, Luc J. C., Hopman, Maria T. E. and Verdijk, Lex B.. (2020). A nitrate-rich vegetable intervention elevates plasma nitrate and nitrite concentrations and reduces blood pressure in healthy young adults. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. 120(8), pp. 1305-1317. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jand.2020.02.014
Voeding bij intensieve sportbeoefening
van Loon, L. J. C., Trommelen, J., van Erp-Baart, A. M. J. and Saris, W. H. M.. (2019). Voeding bij intensieve sportbeoefening. In In Former, Majorie, van Asseldonk, Gerdie, Drenth, Jacqueline and Schuurman, Caroelien (Ed.). Informatorium voor Voeding en Dietetiek - Supplement 100 - December 2018 pp. 65-88 Bohn Stafleu van Loghum. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-368-2223-7_5
Short-term muscle disuse induces a rapid and sustained decline in daily myofibrillar protein synthesis rates
Kilroe, Sean P., Fulford, Jonathan, Holwerda, Andrew M., Jackman, Sarah R., Lee, Benjamin P., Gijsen, Annemie P., van Loon, Luc J. C. and Wall, Benjamin T.. (2019). Short-term muscle disuse induces a rapid and sustained decline in daily myofibrillar protein synthesis rates. American Journal of Physiology - Endocrinology and Metabolism. 318(2), pp. E117-E130. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00360.2019
The intrinsically labeled protein approach is the preferred method to quantify the release of dietary protein-derived amino acids into the circulation
Jorn Trommelen, Andrew M. Holwerda, Jean Nyakayiru, Stefan H M Gorissen, Olav Rooyackers, Nicholas A Burd, Yves Boirie and Luc J. C. Van Loon. (2019). The intrinsically labeled protein approach is the preferred method to quantify the release of dietary protein-derived amino acids into the circulation. American Journal of Physiology - Endocrinology and Metabolism. 317(3), pp. 433-434. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00155.2019
Fructose co-ingestion to increase carbohydrate availability in athletes
Cas J. Fuchs, Javier T. Gonzalez and Luc J. C. Van Loon. (2019). Fructose co-ingestion to increase carbohydrate availability in athletes. The Journal of Physiology. 597(14), pp. 3549-3560. https://doi.org/10.1113/JP277116
Dietary Protein and Physical Activity Interventions to Support Muscle Maintenance in End-Stage Renal Disease Patients on Hemodialysis
Floris K. Hendriks, Joey S J Smeets, Frank M van der Sande, Jeroen P Kooman and Lucas Van Loon. (2019). Dietary Protein and Physical Activity Interventions to Support Muscle Maintenance in End-Stage Renal Disease Patients on Hemodialysis. Nutrients. 11(12), pp. 1-13. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11122972
The Muscle Protein Synthetic Response to Meal Ingestion Following Resistance-Type Exercise
Jorn Trommelen, Milan W Betz and Luc Van Loon. (2019). The Muscle Protein Synthetic Response to Meal Ingestion Following Resistance-Type Exercise. Sports Medicine. 49(2), pp. 185-197. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-019-01053-5
Exercising to offset muscle mass loss in hemodialysis patients: The disconnect between intention and intervention
Colleen F. McKenna, Amadeo F. Salvador, Floris K. Hendriks, Alana P. Y. Harris, Luc J. C. Van Loon and Nicholas A. Burd. (2019). Exercising to offset muscle mass loss in hemodialysis patients: The disconnect between intention and intervention. Seminars in Dialysis. 32(4), pp. 379-385. https://doi.org/10.1111/sdi.12805
Perioperative nutritional supplementation and skeletal muscle mass in older hip-fracture patients
Irene Fleur Kramer, Taco J. Blokhuis, Lex B. Verdijk, Luc Van Loon and Martijn Poeze. (2019). Perioperative nutritional supplementation and skeletal muscle mass in older hip-fracture patients. Nutrition Reviews. 77(4), pp. 254-266. https://doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nuy055
One week of step reduction lowers myofibrillar protein synthesis rates in young men
Shad, Brandon J., Thompson, Janice L., Holwerda, Andrew M., Stocks, Ben, Elhassan, Yasir S., Philp, Andrew, Van Loon, Luc J. C. and Wallis, Gareth A.. (2019). One week of step reduction lowers myofibrillar protein synthesis rates in young men. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 51(10), pp. 2125 - 2134. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000002034
Leucine co-ingestion augments the muscle protein synthetic response to the ingestion of 15 g protein following resistance exercise in older men
Holwerda, Andrew M., Paulussen, Kevin J. M., Overkamp, Maarten, Goessens, Joy P. B., Kramer, Irene-Fleur, Wodzig, Will K. W. H., Verdijk, Lex B., de Groot, Lisette C.P.G.M. and van Loon, Luc J. C.. (2019). Leucine co-ingestion augments the muscle protein synthetic response to the ingestion of 15 g protein following resistance exercise in older men. American Journal of Physiology - Endocrinology and Metabolism. 317(3), pp. 473 - 482. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00073.2019
Dietary feeding pattern does not modulate the loss of muscle mass or the decline in metabolic health during short-term bed rest
Dirks, Marlou L., Smeets, Joey S. J., Holwerda, Andrew M., Kouw, Imre W. K., Marzuca-Nassr, Gabriel N., Gijsen, Annemie P., Holloway, Graham P., Verdijk, Lex B. and van Loon, Luc J. C.. (2019). Dietary feeding pattern does not modulate the loss of muscle mass or the decline in metabolic health during short-term bed rest. American Journal of Physiology - Endocrinology and Metabolism. 316(3), pp. 536 - 545. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00378.2018
Coordinated regulation of skeletal muscle mass and metabolic plasticity during recovery from disuse
Kneppers, Anita, Leermakers, Pieter, Pansters, Nicholas, Backx, Evelien, Gosker, Harry, van Loon, Luc, Schols, Annemie, Langen, Ramon and Verdijk, Lex. (2019). Coordinated regulation of skeletal muscle mass and metabolic plasticity during recovery from disuse. The FASEB Journal. 33(1), pp. 1288 - 1298. https://doi.org/10.1096/fj.201701403RRR
Time-dependent regulation of postprandial muscle protein synthesis rates after milk protein ingestion in young men
Vliet, Stephan Van, Beals, Joseph W., Holwerda, Andrew M., Emmons, Russell S., Goessens, Joy P., Paluska, Scott A., Lisio, Michael De, van Loon, Luc J. C. and Burd, Nicholas A.. (2019). Time-dependent regulation of postprandial muscle protein synthesis rates after milk protein ingestion in young men. Journal of Applied Physiology. 127(6), pp. 1792 - 1801. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00608.2019
Ascorbic acid supplementation improves postprandial glycaemic control and blood pressure in individuals with type 2 diabetes: Findings of a randomized cross-over trial
Mason, Shaun A., Rasmussen, Bodil, van Loon, Luc J. C., Salmon, Jo and Wadley, Glenn D.. (2019). Ascorbic acid supplementation improves postprandial glycaemic control and blood pressure in individuals with type 2 diabetes: Findings of a randomized cross-over trial. Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism: a journal of pharmacology and therapeutics. 21(3), pp. 674 - 682. https://doi.org/10.1111/dom.13571
Blood flow restricted resistance exercise and reductions in oxygen tension attenuate mitochondrial H2O2 emission rates in human skeletal muscle
Petrick, Heather L., Pignanelli, Christopher, Barbeau, Pierre-Andre, Churchward-Venne, Tyler A., Dennis, Kaitlyn M. J. H., van Loon, Luc J. C., Burr, Jamie F., Goossens, Gijs H. and Holloway, Graham P.. (2019). Blood flow restricted resistance exercise and reductions in oxygen tension attenuate mitochondrial H2O2 emission rates in human skeletal muscle. The Journal of Physiology. 597(15), pp. 3985 - 3997. https://doi.org/10.1113/JP277765
The effect of minimally invasive surgical aortic valve replacement on postoperative pulmonary and skeletal muscle function
Boujemaa, Hajar, Yilmaz, Alaaddin, Robic, Boris, Koppo, Katrien, Claessen, Guido, Frederix, Ines, Dendale, Paul, Völler, Heinz, van Loon, Luc J. C. and Hansen, Dominique. (2019). The effect of minimally invasive surgical aortic valve replacement on postoperative pulmonary and skeletal muscle function. Experimental Physiology. 104(6), pp. 855 - 865. https://doi.org/10.1113/EP087407
Leucine co-ingestion augments the muscle protein synthetic response to the ingestion of 15 g protein following resistance exercise in older men
Holwerda, Andrew M., Paulussen, Kevin J. M., Overkamp, Maarten, Goessens, Joy P. B., Kramer, Irene-Fleur, Wodzig, Will K. W. H., Verdijk, Lex B., de Groot, Lisette C. P. G. M. and Van Loon, Luc. (2019). Leucine co-ingestion augments the muscle protein synthetic response to the ingestion of 15 g protein following resistance exercise in older men. In In A. M. Holwerda (Ed.). Dietary protein to support active aging pp. 53 - 73 Maastricht University. https://doi.org/10.26481/dis.20190321ah
The effect of beetroot juice supplementation on dynamic apnea and intermittent sprint performance in elite female water polo playres
Jonvik, Kristin L., van Dijk, Jan Willem, Senden, Joan M. G., van Loon, Luc J. C. and Verdijk, Lex B.. (2018). The effect of beetroot juice supplementation on dynamic apnea and intermittent sprint performance in elite female water polo playres. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism. 28(5), pp. 468-473. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2017-0293
Age-Associated Impairments in Mitochondrial ADP Sensitivity Contribute to Redox Stress in Senescent Human Skeletal Muscle
Holloway, Graham P., Holwerda, Andrew M., Miotto, Paula M., Dirks, Marlou L., Verdijk, Lex B. and Van Loon, Luc. (2018). Age-Associated Impairments in Mitochondrial ADP Sensitivity Contribute to Redox Stress in Senescent Human Skeletal Muscle. Cell Reports. 22(11), pp. 2837 - 2848. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2018.02.069
Daily resistance-type exercise stimulates muscle protein synthesis in vivo in young men
Holwerda, Andrew M., Paulussen, Kevin J. M., Overkamp, Maarten, Smeets, Joey S. J., Gijsen, Annemie P., Goessens, Joy P. B., Verdijk, Lex B. and Van Loon, Luc. (2018). Daily resistance-type exercise stimulates muscle protein synthesis in vivo in young men. Journal of Applied Physiology. 124(1), pp. 66 - 75. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00610.2017
Temporal response of angiogenesis and hypertrophy to resistance training in young men
Holloway, Tanya M., Snijders, Tim, van Kranenburg, Janneau, Van Loon, Luc and Verdijk, Lex B.. (2018). Temporal response of angiogenesis and hypertrophy to resistance training in young men. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 50(1), pp. 36 - 45. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000001409
Muscle atrophy due to nerve damage is accompanied by elevated myofibrillar protein synthesis rates
Langer, Henning, Senden, Joan M., Gijsen, Annemie P., Kempa, Stefan, van Loon, Luc and Spuler, Simone. (2018). Muscle atrophy due to nerve damage is accompanied by elevated myofibrillar protein synthesis rates. Frontiers in Physiology. 9(1220), pp. 1 - 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2018.01220
Reply: measurement of regional rates of protein synthesis in human brain in vivo with l-[1-11c]-leucine PET
Smeets, Joey S.J and Van Loon, Luc. (2018). Reply: measurement of regional rates of protein synthesis in human brain in vivo with l-[1-11c]-leucine PET. Brain: a journal of neurology. 141(7), pp. 52 - 52. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awy119
Skeletal muscle fiber characteristics in patients with chronic heart failure: Impact of disease severity and relation with muscle oxygenation during exercise
Niemeijer, Victor M., Snijders, Tim, Verdijk, Lex B., Van Kranenburg, Janneau, Groen, Bart B.L., Holwerda, Andrew M., Spee, Ruud F., Wijn, Pieter F. F., van Loon, Luc and Kemps, Hareld M.C.. (2018). Skeletal muscle fiber characteristics in patients with chronic heart failure: Impact of disease severity and relation with muscle oxygenation during exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology. 125(4), pp. 1266 - 1276. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00057.2018
Dose-response effects of supplementation with calcifediol on serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D status and its metabolites: a randomized controlled trial in older adults
Vaes, Anouk M.M., Tieland, Michael, de Regt, Margot F., Wittwer, Jonas, van Loon, Luc and de Groot, Lisette C.P.G.M.. (2018). Dose-response effects of supplementation with calcifediol on serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D status and its metabolites: a randomized controlled trial in older adults. Clinical Nutrition. 37(3), pp. 808 - 814. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2017.03.029
Reply: measurement of regional rates of protein synthesis in human brain in vivo with l-[1-11c]-leucine PET
Smeets, Joey S.J and Van Loon, Luc. (2018). Reply: measurement of regional rates of protein synthesis in human brain in vivo with l-[1-11c]-leucine PET. Brain: a journal of neurology. 141(7), pp. 52 - 52. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awy119
Increasing vegetable intake to obtain the health promoting and ergogenic effects of dietary nitrate
Van der Avoort, Cindy M. T., van Loon, Luc, Hopman, Maria T. and Verdijk, Lex B.. (2018). Increasing vegetable intake to obtain the health promoting and ergogenic effects of dietary nitrate. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 72, pp. 1485 - 1489. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41430-018-0140-z
Effects of creatine and carbohydrate loading on cycling time trial performance
Tomcik, Kristyen A., Camera, Donny, Bone, Julia L. L., Ross, Meg, Jeacocke, N. A., Tachtsis, Bill, Senden, Joan M., Van Loon, Luc, Hawley, John and Burke, Louise. (2018). Effects of creatine and carbohydrate loading on cycling time trial performance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 50(1), pp. 141 - 150. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000001401
IOC consensus statement: dietary supplements and the high-performance athlete0306
Maughan, Ronald J., Burke, Louise, Dvorak, Jiri, Larson-Meyer, D. E., Peeling, Peter, Phillips, Stuart M., Rawson, Eric S., Walsh, Neil P., Garthe, Ina, Geyer, Hans, Meeusen, Romain, Van Loon, Luc, Shirreffs, Susan M., Spriet, Lawrence L., Stuart, Mark, Vernec, Alan, Currell, Kevin, Ali, Vidya M., Budgett, Richard, ... Engebretsen, Lars. (2018). IOC consensus statement: dietary supplements and the high-performance athlete0306. British Journal of Sports Medicine. 52(7), pp. 439 - 455. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2018-099027
The 2017 dutch physical activity guidelines
Weggemans, Rianne M., Backx, Frank J.G., Borghouts, Lars, Chinapaw, Mai J.M., Hopman, Maria T., Koster, Annemarie, Kremers, Stef, Van Loon, Luc, May, Anne M., Mosterd, Arend, van der Ploeg, Hidde, Takken, Tim, Visser, Marjolein, Wendel-Vos, Wanda and de Geus, Eco J.C.. (2018). The 2017 dutch physical activity guidelines. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity. 15(58), pp. 1 - 12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-018-0661-9
Interventional strategies to combat muscle disuse atrophy in humans: Focus on neuromuscular electrical stimulation and dietary protein
Dirks, Marlou L., Wall, Benjamin T. and van Loon, Luc. (2018). Interventional strategies to combat muscle disuse atrophy in humans: Focus on neuromuscular electrical stimulation and dietary protein. Journal of Applied Physiology. 125(3), pp. 850 - 861. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00985.2016
IOC Consensus Statement: Dietary Supplements and the High-Performance Athlete
Maughan, Ronald J., Burke, Louise, Dvorak, Jiri, Larson-Meyer, D. E., Peeling, Peter, Phillips, Stuart M., Rawson, Eric S., Walsh, Neil P., Garthe, Ina, Geyer, Hans, Meeusen, Romain, Van Loon, Luc, Shirreffs, Susan M., Spriet, Lawrence L., Stuart, Mark, Vernec, Alan, Currell, Kevin, Ali, Vidya M., Budgett, Richard, ... Engebretsen, Lars. (2018). IOC Consensus Statement: Dietary Supplements and the High-Performance Athlete. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism. 28(2), pp. 104 - 125. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2018-0020
A novel in vitro model for the assessment of postnatal myonuclear accretion
Kneppers, Anita, Verdijk, Lex B., de Theije, Chiel, Corten, Mark, Gielen, Ellis, van Loon, Luc, Schols, Annemie and Langen, Ramon. (2018). A novel in vitro model for the assessment of postnatal myonuclear accretion. Skeletal Muscle. 8(4), pp. 1 - 13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13395-018-0151-4
Protein content and amino acid composition of commercially available plant-based protein isolates
Gorissen, Stefan H. M., Crombag, Julie J. R., Senden, Joan M., Huub Waterval, W. A., Bierau, Jörgen, Verdijk, Lex B. and van Loon, Luc. (2018). Protein content and amino acid composition of commercially available plant-based protein isolates. Amino Acids. 50(12), pp. 1685 - 1695. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00726-018-2640-5
Leucine supplementation does not attenuate skeletal muscle loss during leg immobilization in healthy, young men
Backx, E. M. P., Horstman, Astrid M. H., Marzuca-Nassr, Gabriel N., Van Kranenburg, Janneau, Smeets, Joey S. J., Fuchs, Cas J., Janssen, Anniek A. W., de Groot, Lisette C. P. G. M., Snijders, Tim, Verdijk, Lex B. and van Loon, Luc. (2018). Leucine supplementation does not attenuate skeletal muscle loss during leg immobilization in healthy, young men. Nutrients. 10(635), pp. 1 - 12. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10050635
Brain tissue plasticity: protein synthesis rates of the human brain0006
Smeets, Joey S. J., Horstman, Astrid M. H., Schijns, Olaf E. M. G., Dings, Jim T. A., Hoogland, Govert, Gijsen, Annemie P., Goessens, Joy P. K., Bouwman, Freek G., Wodzig, Will K. W. H., Mariman, Edwin C. and Van Loon, Luc. (2018). Brain tissue plasticity: protein synthesis rates of the human brain0006. Brain: a journal of neurology. 141(4), pp. 1122 - 1129. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awy015
Adipose tissue lipolytic inhibition enhances the glucoregulatory properties of exercise in type 2 diabetes patients
Hansen, Dominique, Verboven, Kenneth, van Dijk, Jan Willem, Zorenc, Antoine H., Minten, Lennert, Smeets, Kevin, Verdijk, Lex B. and Van Loon, Luc. (2018). Adipose tissue lipolytic inhibition enhances the glucoregulatory properties of exercise in type 2 diabetes patients. European Journal of Sport Science. 18(9), pp. 1245 - 1254. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2018.1483428
Sodium nitrate supplementation alters mitochondrial H2O2 emission but does not improve mitochondrial oxidative metabolism in the heart of healthy rats
Monaco, Cynthia, Miotto, Paula M., Huber, Jason S., Van Loon, Luc, Simpson, Jeremy A. and Holloway, Graham P.. (2018). Sodium nitrate supplementation alters mitochondrial H2O2 emission but does not improve mitochondrial oxidative metabolism in the heart of healthy rats. American Journal of Physiology - Regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology. 315(2), pp. 191 - 204. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00275.2017
The effect of acute and 7-days dietary nitrate on mechanical efficiency, exercise performance and cardiac biomarkers in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Beijers, Rosanne J. H. C. G., Huysmans, Stephanie M. D., van de Bool, Coby, Kingma, Boris R. M., Verdijk, Lex B., Van Loon, Luc, Meex, Steven J. R., Gosker, Harry R. and Schols, Annemie M. W. J.. (2018). The effect of acute and 7-days dietary nitrate on mechanical efficiency, exercise performance and cardiac biomarkers in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Clinical Nutrition. 37(6), pp. 1852 - 1861. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2017.10.011
Repeated-sprint performance and plasma responses following beetroot juice supplementation do not differ between recreational, competitive and elite sprint athletes
Jonvik, Kristin L., Nyakayiru, Jean, van Dijk, Jan Willem, Maase, K., Ballak, S. B., Senden, Joan M., van Loon, Luc and Verdijk, Lex B.. (2018). Repeated-sprint performance and plasma responses following beetroot juice supplementation do not differ between recreational, competitive and elite sprint athletes. European Journal of Sport Science. 18(4), pp. 524 - 533. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2018.1433722
Reply: measurement of regional rates of protein synthesis in human brain in vivo with l-[1-11c]-leucine PET
Smeets, Joey S.J. and Van Loon, Luc. (2018). Reply: measurement of regional rates of protein synthesis in human brain in vivo with l-[1-11c]-leucine PET. Brain: a journal of neurology. 141(7), pp. 52 - 52. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awy119
Dietary nitrate does not reduce oxygen cost of exercise or improve muscle mitochondrial function in patients with mitochondrial myopathy
Nabben, Miranda, Schmitz, Joep P. J., Ciapaite, Jolita, le Clercq, Carlijn M. P., van Riel, Natal A., Haak, Harm R., Nicolay, Klaas, de Coo, Irenaeus F. M., Smeets, Hubert, Praet, Stephan F., van Loon, Lucas J. and Prompers, Jeanine J.. (2017). Dietary nitrate does not reduce oxygen cost of exercise or improve muscle mitochondrial function in patients with mitochondrial myopathy. American Journal of Physiology - Regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology. 312(5), pp. R689-R701. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00264.2016
Detection of localized hepatocellular amino acid kinetics by using mass spectrometry imaging of stable isotopes
Arts, Martijn, Soons, Zita, Ellis, Shane R., Pierzchalski, Keely A., Balluff, Benjamin, Eijkel, Gert B., Dubois, Ludwig J., Lieuwes, Natasja G., Agten, Stijn M., Hackeng, Tilman M., Van Loon, Luc, Heeren, Ron M.A. and Damink, Steven W.O.. (2017). Detection of localized hepatocellular amino acid kinetics by using mass spectrometry imaging of stable isotopes. Angewandte Chemie. 56(25), pp. 7146 - 7150. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201702669
Post-exercise muscle glycogen resynthesis in humans
Burke, Louise M., van Loon, Luc J. C. and Hawley, John A.. (2017). Post-exercise muscle glycogen resynthesis in humans. Journal of Applied Physiology. 122(5), pp. 1055-1067. https://doi.org/0.1152/japplphysiol.00860.2016
The impact of dietary protein or amino acid supplementation on muscle mass and strength in elderly people: individual participant data and meta-analysis of rct's
Tieland, Michael, Franssen, Rinske, Dullemeijer, C., van Dronkelaar, C., Kim, H. K., Ispoglou, T., Zhu, Kun, Prince, R. L., Van Loon, Luc and de Groot, Lisette C.P.G.M.. (2017). The impact of dietary protein or amino acid supplementation on muscle mass and strength in elderly people: individual participant data and meta-analysis of rct's. Journal of Nutrition, Health and Aging. 21(9), pp. 994 - 1001. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12603-017-0896-1
Neuromuscular electrical stimulation prior to presleep protein feeding stimulates the use of protein-derived amino acids for overnight muscle protein synthesis
Dirks, Marlou L., Groen, Bart B.L., Franssen, Rinske, van Kranenburg, Janneau and Van Loon, Luc. (2017). Neuromuscular electrical stimulation prior to presleep protein feeding stimulates the use of protein-derived amino acids for overnight muscle protein synthesis. Journal of Applied Physiology. 122(1), pp. 20 - 27. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00331.2016
Muscle fiber capillarization as determining factor on indices of insulin sensitivity in humans
Snijders, Tim, Nederveen, Joshua P., Verdijk, Lex B., Houben, Alfons J.H.M., Goossens, Gijs H., Parise, Gianna and Van Loon, Luc. (2017). Muscle fiber capillarization as determining factor on indices of insulin sensitivity in humans. Physiological Reports. 5(10), pp. 1 - 5. https://doi.org/10.14814/phy2.13278
Postexercise muscle glycogen resynthesis in humans
Burke, Louise, Van Loon, Luc and Hawley, John. (2017). Postexercise muscle glycogen resynthesis in humans. Journal of Applied Physiology. 122(5), pp. 1055 - 1067. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00860.2016
Consideration of insects as a source of dietary protein for human consumption
Churchward-Venne, T. A., Pinckaers, Philippe J. M., van Loon, Joop J. A. and Van Loon, Luc. (2017). Consideration of insects as a source of dietary protein for human consumption. Nutrition Reviews. 75(12), pp. 1035 - 1045. https://doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nux057
Protein supplementation augments muscle fiber hypertrophy but does not modulate satellite cell content during prolonged resistance-type exercise training in frail elderly
Dirks, Marlou L., Tieland, Michael, Verdijk, Lex B., Losen, Mario, Nilwik, Rachel, Mensink, Marco, de Groot, Lisette C.P.G.M. and Van Loon, Luc. (2017). Protein supplementation augments muscle fiber hypertrophy but does not modulate satellite cell content during prolonged resistance-type exercise training in frail elderly. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association (JAMDA): long-term care: management, applied research and clinical issues. 18(7), pp. 608 - 615. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2017.02.006
Glucose plus fructose ingestion for post exercise recovery greater than the sum of its parts?
Gonzalez, Javier T., Fuchs, Cas J., Betts, James A. and Van Loon, Luc. (2017). Glucose plus fructose ingestion for post exercise recovery greater than the sum of its parts? Nutrients. 9(4), pp. 1 - 15. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9040344
Twenty-four-hour biological variation profiles of cardiac troponin I in individuals with or without chronic kidney disease
Van Der Linden, Noreen, Hilderink, Judith M., Cornelis, Tom, Kimenai, Dorien M., Klinkenberg, Lieke J.J., Van Doorn, William P., Litjens, Elisabeth J.R., Van Suijlen, Jeroen D.E., Van Loon, Luc, Bekers, Otto, Kooman, Jeroen P. and Meex, Steven J.R.. (2017). Twenty-four-hour biological variation profiles of cardiac troponin I in individuals with or without chronic kidney disease. Clinical Chemistry (Washington, DC): international journal of molecular diagnostics and laboratory medicine. 63(10), pp. 1655 - 1656. https://doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2017.275107
Dietary protein intake and distribution patterns of well-trained Dutch athletes
Gillen, Jenna B., Trommelen, Jorn, Wardenaar, Floris C., Brinkmans, Naomi Y.J., Versteegen, Joline J., Jonvik, Kristin L., Kapp, Christoph, de Vries, Jeanne, van den Borne, Joost J.G.C., Gibala, M. J. and Van Loon, Luc. (2017). Dietary protein intake and distribution patterns of well-trained Dutch athletes. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism. 27(2), pp. 105 - 114. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2016-0154
Differential effects of leucine and leucine-enriched whey protein on skeletal muscle protein synthesis in aged mice
Dijk, Francina J., van Dijk, Miriam, Walrand, Stéphane, Van Loon, Luc, van Norren, Klaske and Luiking, Yvette C.. (2017). Differential effects of leucine and leucine-enriched whey protein on skeletal muscle protein synthesis in aged mice. Clinical Nutrition ESPEN. 24, pp. 127 - 133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnesp.2017.12.013
Extensive type ii muscle fiber atrophy in elderly female hip fracture patients
Kramer, Irene F., Snijders, Tim, Smeets, Joey S.J., Leenders, Marika, van Kranenburg, Janneau, den Hoed, Marcel, Verdijk, Lex B., Poeze, Martijn and Van Loon, Luc. (2017). Extensive type ii muscle fiber atrophy in elderly female hip fracture patients. The Journals of Gerontology: Series A. 72(10), pp. 1369 - 1375. https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glw253
Fructose and sucrose intake increase exogenous carbohydrate oxidation during exercise
Trommelen, Jorn, Fuchs, Cas J., Beelen, M, Lenaerts, Kaatje, Jeukendrup, A. E., Cermak, N. and Van Loon, Luc. (2017). Fructose and sucrose intake increase exogenous carbohydrate oxidation during exercise. Nutrients. 9(2), pp. 1 - 12. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9020167
Protein ingestion before sleep increases overnight muscle protein synthesis rates in healthy older men: A randomized controlled trial
Kouw, Imre W.K., Holwerda, Andrew M., Trommelen, Jorn, Kramer, Irene Fleur, Bastiaanse, Jacqueline, Halson, Shona, Wodzig, Will K.W.H., Verdijk, Lex B. and Van Loon, Luc. (2017). Protein ingestion before sleep increases overnight muscle protein synthesis rates in healthy older men: A randomized controlled trial. The Journal of Nutrition. 147(12), pp. 2252 - 2261. https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.117.254532
Sodium nitrate ingestion increases skeletal muscle nitrate content in humans
Nyakayiru, Jean, Kouw, Imre W.K., Cermak, N, Senden, Joan M., Van Loon, Luc and Verdijk, Lex B.. (2017). Sodium nitrate ingestion increases skeletal muscle nitrate content in humans. Journal of Applied Physiology. 123(3), pp. 637 - 644. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01036.2016
Intramyocellular lipid content and lipogenic gene expression responses following a single bout of resistance type exercise differ between young and older men
Tsintzas, Kostas, Stephens, F. B., Snijders, Tim, Wall, Benjamin T., Cooper, Scott, Mallinson, Joanne, Verdijk, Lex B. and Van Loon, Luc. (2017). Intramyocellular lipid content and lipogenic gene expression responses following a single bout of resistance type exercise differ between young and older men. Experimental Gerontology. 93, pp. 36 - 45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exger.2017.03.018
Commentaries on Viewpoint: A time for exercise: the exercise window
Boule, Normand G., Terada, Tasuku, Francois, Monique E., Hawley, John, Cotter, James D., Kruse, Nicholas T., McDonald, Matthew W., Olver, T D., Paoli, Antonio, Sacchetti, Massimo, Di Luigi, Luigi, van Dijk, Jan W., Van Loon, Luc, Yardley, Jane E., DiPietro, Loretta, Gribok, Andrei and Rumpler, William. (2017). Commentaries on Viewpoint: A time for exercise: the exercise window. Journal of Applied Physiology. 122(1), pp. 210 - 213. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00938.2016
No effect of acute and 6-day nitrate supplementation on VO2 and time-trial performance in highly trained cyclists
Nyakayiru, Jean, Jonvik, Kristin L., Pinckaers, Philippe J.M., Senden, Joan M., Van Loon, Luc and Verdijk, Lex B.. (2017). No effect of acute and 6-day nitrate supplementation on VO2 and time-trial performance in highly trained cyclists. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism. 27(1), pp. 11 - 17. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2016-0034
Food ingestion in an upright sitting position increases postprandial amino acid availability when compared with food ingestion in a lying down position
Holwerda, Andrew M., Lenaerts, Kaatje, Bierau, Jörgen, Wodzig, Will K.W.H. and Van Loon, Luc. (2017). Food ingestion in an upright sitting position increases postprandial amino acid availability when compared with food ingestion in a lying down position. Applied Physiology, Nutrition and Metabolism. 42(7), pp. 738 - 743. https://doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2016-0522
Beetroot juice supplementation improves high-intensity intermittent type exercise performance in trained soccer players
Nyakayiru, Jean, Jonvik, Kristin L., Trommelen, Jorn, Pinckaers, Philippe J.M., Senden, Joan M., Van Loon, Luc and Verdijk, Lex B.. (2017). Beetroot juice supplementation improves high-intensity intermittent type exercise performance in trained soccer players. Nutrients. 9(3), pp. 1 - 10. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9030314
Seasonal variation in vitamin d status in elite athletes: a longitudinal study
Backx, E. M.P., van der Avoort, Cindy van, Tieland, Michael, Maase, K., Kies, A. K., Van Loon, Luc, de Groot, Lisette C.P.G.M. and Mensink, M.. (2017). Seasonal variation in vitamin d status in elite athletes: a longitudinal study. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism. 27(1), pp. 6 - 10. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2016-0177
Glycemic control during consecutive days with prolongedwalking exercise in individuals with type 1 diabetes mellitus
van Dijk, Jan Willem, Eijsvogels, Thijs M., Nyakayiru, Jean, Schreuder, Tim H. A., Hopman, Maria T., Thijssen, Dick H. and Van Loon, Lucas. (2016). Glycemic control during consecutive days with prolongedwalking exercise in individuals with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice. 117, pp. 74 - 81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2016.04.053
May bed rest cause greater muscle loss than limb immobilization?
Dirks, M. L., Backx, E. M. P., Wall, B. T., Verdijk, L. B. and van Loon, L.. (2016). May bed rest cause greater muscle loss than limb immobilization? Acta Physiologica. 218(1), pp. 10-12. https://doi.org/10.1111/apha.12699
Hyperoxia increases arterial oxygen pressure during exercise in type 2 diabetes patients: A feasibility study
Rozenberg, Robert, Mankowski, Robert T., van Loon, Luc, Langendonk, Janneke G., Sijbrands, Eric J. G., van den Meiracker, Anton H., Stam, Henk J. and Praet, Stephan F. E.. (2016). Hyperoxia increases arterial oxygen pressure during exercise in type 2 diabetes patients: A feasibility study. European Journal of Medical Research. 21(1), pp. 1 - 8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40001-015-0194-5
Cardiac Troponin T and i Release after a 30-km Run
Klinkenberg, Lieke J. J., Luyten, Peter, Van Der Linden, Noreen, Urgel, Kim, Snijders, Daniëlle P. C., Knackstedt, Christian, Dennert, Robert, Kietselaer, Bastiaan L. J. H., Mingels, Alma M. A., Cardinaels, Eline P. M., Peeters, Frederique E. C. M., Van Suijlen, Jeroen D. E., Kate, Joop Ten, Marsch, Elke, Theelen, Thomas L., Sluimer, Judith C., Wouters, Kristiaan, Bekers, Otto, Bekkers, Sebastiaan C. A. M., ... Meex, Steven J. R.. (2016). Cardiac Troponin T and i Release after a 30-km Run. American Journal of Cardiology. 118(2), pp. 281 - 287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2016.04.030
Prognostic value of basal high-sensitive cardiac troponin levels on mortality in the general population
van der Linden, Noreen, Klinkenberg, Lieke J. J., Bekers, Otto, van Loon, Luc, Van Dieijen-Visser, Marja P., Zeegers, Maurice P. and Meex, Steven J. R.. (2016). Prognostic value of basal high-sensitive cardiac troponin levels on mortality in the general population. Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000005703
Short-term muscle disuse lowers myofibrillar protein synthesis rates and induces anabolic resistance to protein ingestion
Wall, Benjamin T., Dirks, Marlou L., Snijders, Tim, Willem van Dijk, Jan, Fritsch, Mario, Verdijk, Lex B. and Van Loon, Luc. (2016). Short-term muscle disuse lowers myofibrillar protein synthesis rates and induces anabolic resistance to protein ingestion. American Journal of Physiology - Endocrinology and Metabolism. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00227.2015
Impact of diet composition on blood glucose regulation
Russell, Wendy R., Baka, Athanasia, Bjorck, Inger, Delzenne, Nathalie, Gao, Dan, Griffiths, Helen R., Hadjilucas, Ellie, Juvonen, Kristiina, Lahtinen, Sampo, Lansink, Mirian, van Loon, Luc, Mykkanen, Hannu, Ostman, Elin, Riccardi, Gabrielle, Vinoy, Sophie and Weickert, Martin O.. (2016). Impact of diet composition on blood glucose regulation. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 56(4), pp. 541 - 590. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2013.792772
The Martin Vigorimeter Represents a Reliable and More Practical Tool Than the Jamar Dynamometer to Assess Handgrip Strength in the Geriatric Patient
Sipers, Walther M. W. H., Verdijk, Lex B., Sipers, Simone J. E., Schols, Jos M. G. A. and Van Loon, Luc. (2016). The Martin Vigorimeter Represents a Reliable and More Practical Tool Than the Jamar Dynamometer to Assess Handgrip Strength in the Geriatric Patient. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association. 17(5), pp. 1 - 7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2016.02.026
Resistance training increases skeletal muscle capillarization in healthy older men
Verdijk, Lex B., Snijders, Tim, Holloway, Tanya M., Van Kranenburg, Janneau and van Loon, Luc. (2016). Resistance training increases skeletal muscle capillarization in healthy older men. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 48(11), pp. 2157 - 2164. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000001019
Habitual Dietary Nitrate Intake in Highly Trained Athletes
Jonvik, Kristin L., Nyakayiru, Jean, Willem van Dijk, Jan, Wardenaar, Floris C., Van Loon, Lucas and Verdijk, Lex B.. (2016). Habitual Dietary Nitrate Intake in Highly Trained Athletes. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2016-0239
Protein intake and lean body mass preservation during energy intake restriction in overweight older adults
Backx, E. M. P., Tieland, Michael, Borgonjen-Van Den Berg, Karin J., Claessen, P. R., Van Loon, Lucas and de Groot, Lisette C.P.G.M.. (2016). Protein intake and lean body mass preservation during energy intake restriction in overweight older adults. International Journal of Obesity. https://doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2015.182
Changes in myonuclear domain size do not precede muscle hypertrophy during prolonged resistance-type exercise training
Snijders, Tim, Smeets, Joey S. J., Van Kranenburg, Janneau, Kies, A. K., Van Loon, Lucas and Verdijk, Lex B.. (2016). Changes in myonuclear domain size do not precede muscle hypertrophy during prolonged resistance-type exercise training. Acta Physiologica. https://doi.org/10.1111/apha.12609
Resistance exercise augments postprandial overnight muscle protein synthesis rates
Trommelen, Jorn, Holwerda, Andrew M., Kouw, Imre W. K., Langer, Henning, Halson, Shona L., Verdijk, Lex B. and van Loon, Luc J. C.. (2016). Resistance exercise augments postprandial overnight muscle protein synthesis rates. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 48(12), pp. 2517-2525. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000001045
Presleep protein ingestion does not compromise the muscle protein synthetic response to protein ingested the following morning
Wall, Benjamin T., Burd, Nicholas A., Franssen, Rinske, Gorissen, Stefan H. M., Snijders, Tim, Senden, Joan M., Gijsen, Annemie P. and van Loon, Luc. (2016). Presleep protein ingestion does not compromise the muscle protein synthetic response to protein ingested the following morning. American Journal of Physiology - Endocrinology and Metabolism. 311(6), pp. E964-E973. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00325.2016
Diurnal rhythm of cardiac troponin: Consequences for the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction
Klinkenberg, Lieke J. J., Wildi, Karin, Van Der Linden, Noreen, Kouw, Imre W. K., Niens, Marijke, Twerenbold, Raphael, Gimenez, Maria Rubini, Puelacher, Christian, Neuhaus, Jean Daniel, Hillinger, Petra, Nestelberger, Thomas, Boeddinghaus, Jasper, Grimm, Karin, Sabti, Zaid, Bons, Judith A. P., Van Suijlen, Jeroen D. E., Tan, Frans E. S., Kate, Joop Ten, Bekers, Otto, ... Meex, Steven J. R.. (2016). Diurnal rhythm of cardiac troponin: Consequences for the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction. Clinical Chemistry. 62(12), pp. 1602 - 1611. https://doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2016.257485
Expression of protocadherin gamma in skeletal muscle tissue is associated with age and muscle weakness
Hangelbroek, Roland W. J., Fazelzadeh, Parastoo, Tieland, Michael, Boekschoten, Mark V., Hooiveld, Guido J. E. J., van Duynhoven, John P. M., Timmons, James A., Verdijk, Lex B., de Groot, Lisette C. P. G. M., Van Loon, Luc and Müller, Michael. (2016). Expression of protocadherin gamma in skeletal muscle tissue is associated with age and muscle weakness. Journal Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 7(5), pp. 604 - 614. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcsm.12099
The impact of 1-year vitamin D supplementation on vitamin D status in athletes: A dose-response study
Backx, E. M. P., Tieland, Michael, Maase, K., Kies, A. K., Mensink, M., Van Loon, Luc and de Groot, Lisette C. P. G. M.. (2016). The impact of 1-year vitamin D supplementation on vitamin D status in athletes: A dose-response study. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 70(9), pp. 1009 - 1014. https://doi.org/10.1038/ejcn.2016.133
Recommendations for the conduct of clinical trials for drugs to treat or prevent sarcopenia
Reginster, Jean Yves, Cooper, Cyrus, Rizzoli, Rene, Kanis, John A., Appelboom, Geoff, Bautmans, Ivan, Bischoff-Ferrari, Heike A., Boers, Maarten, Brandi, Maria Luisa, Bruyère, Olivier, Cherubini, Antonio, Flamion, Bruno, Fielding, Roger A., Gasparik, Andrea Ildiko, Van Loon, Lucas, McCloskey, Eugene, Mitlak, Bruce, Pilotto, Alberto, Reiter-Niesert, Suzanne, ... Cruz-Jentoft, Alfonso J.. (2016). Recommendations for the conduct of clinical trials for drugs to treat or prevent sarcopenia. Aging Clinical and Experimental Research. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-015-0517-y
Hypoxia induces a prothrombotic state independently of the physical activity
Ninivaggi, Marisa, De Laat, Marieke, Lancé, Marcus M. D., Kicken, Cécile H., Pelkmans, Leonie, Bloemen, Saartje, Dirks, Marlou L., Van Loon, Luc, Govers-Riemslag, José W. P., Lindhout, Theo, Konings, Joke and De Laat, Bas. (2015). Hypoxia induces a prothrombotic state independently of the physical activity. PLoS ONE. 10(10), pp. 1 - 14. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0141797
Prolonged adaptation to a low or high protein diet does not modulate basal muscle protein synthesis rates: A substudy
Hursel, Rick, Martens, Eveline A. P., Gonnissen, Hanne K. J., Hamer, Henrike M., Senden, Joan M., Van Loon, Luc and Westerterp-Plantenga, Margriet S.. (2015). Prolonged adaptation to a low or high protein diet does not modulate basal muscle protein synthesis rates: A substudy. PLoS ONE. 10(9), pp. 1 - 15. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0137183
Can elite athletes benefit from dietary nitrate supplementation?
Jonvik, Kristin L., Nyakayiru, Jean, Van Loon, Luc and Verdijk, Lex B.. (2015). Can elite athletes benefit from dietary nitrate supplementation? Journal of Applied Physiology. 119(6), pp. 759 - 761. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00232.2015
Exercise strategies to optimize glycemic control in type 2 diabetes: A continuing glucose monitoring perspective
van Dijk, Jan Willem and Van Loon, Luc. (2015). Exercise strategies to optimize glycemic control in type 2 diabetes: A continuing glucose monitoring perspective. Diabetes Spectrum. 28(1), pp. 24 - 31. https://doi.org/10.2337/diaspect.28.1.24
Aging is accompanied by a blunted muscle protein synthetic response to protein ingestion
Wall, Benjamin T., Gorissen, Stefan H. M., Pennings, Bart, Koopman, René, Groen, Bart B. L., Verdijk, Lex B. and Van Loon, Luc. (2015). Aging is accompanied by a blunted muscle protein synthetic response to protein ingestion. PLoS ONE. 10(11), pp. 1 - 13. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0140903
Post-prandial protein handling: You are what you just ate
Groen, Bart B. L., Horstman, Astrid M. H., Hamer, Henrike M., De Haan, Michiel, Van Kranenburg, Janneau, Bierau, Jörgen, Poeze, Martijn, Wodzig, Will K. W. H., Rasmussen, Blake B. and van Loon, Luc. (2015). Post-prandial protein handling: You are what you just ate. PLoS ONE. 10(11), pp. 1 - 22. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0141582
Dietary Protein as a Trigger for Metabolic Adaptation
Van Loon, Luc. (2014). Dietary Protein as a Trigger for Metabolic Adaptation. In In R. J. Maughan (Ed.). The Encyclopaedia of Sports Medicine: An IOC Medical Commission Publication pp. 147-155 Wiley-Blackwell.
The use of doubly labeled milk protein to measure postprandial muscle protein synthesis rates in vivo in humans
Burd, N., Cermak, N., Kouw, Imre W. K., Gorissen, Stefan H. M., Gijsen, Annemie P. and Van Loon, Luc. (2014). The use of doubly labeled milk protein to measure postprandial muscle protein synthesis rates in vivo in humans. Journal of Applied Physiology. 117(11), pp. 1363 - 1370. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00411.2014
The effect of a six-month resistance-type exercise training program on the course of high sensitive cardiac troponin T levels in (pre)frail elderly
Van Der Linden, Noreen, Tieland, Michael, Klinkenberg, Lieke J. J., Verdijk, Lex B., de Groot, Lisette C. P. G. M., Van Loon, Lucas, Van Dieijen-Visser, Marja P. and Meex, Steven J. R.. (2014). The effect of a six-month resistance-type exercise training program on the course of high sensitive cardiac troponin T levels in (pre)frail elderly. International Journal of Cardiology. 175(2), pp. 374 - 375. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.05.017
Kracht- en duurinspanning verbeteren 24-uurs bloedglucosehomeostase bij personen met een verminderde glucosetolerantie bij patiënten met type 2 diabetes
Jan Willem van Dijk, Ralph J F Manders, Kyra Tummers, A G Bonomi, Coen D A Stehouwer, Fred Hartgens and Luc Van Loon. (2013). Kracht- en duurinspanning verbeteren 24-uurs bloedglucosehomeostase bij personen met een verminderde glucosetolerantie bij patiënten met type 2 diabetes. Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Diabetologie. 11(2), pp. 52-53. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12467-013-0019-5
Voeding bij intensieve sportbeoefening
Van Loon, L., van Erp-Baart, A. M. J. and Saris, Wim H. M. (2013). Voeding bij intensieve sportbeoefening. In In Majorie Former (Ed.). Informatorium Voeding en Dietetiek - Voedingsleer pp. 547-568 Springer.
The role of amino acids in skeletal muscle adaptation to exercise
Aguirre, Nick, Van Loon, Lucas and Baar, Keith. (2013). The role of amino acids in skeletal muscle adaptation to exercise. In In E. Isolauri, P.M. Sherman and W. A. Walker (Ed.). Nestle Nutrition Institute workshop series pp. 85 - 102 S. Karger AG. https://doi.org/10.1159/000350261
Disturbed energy metabolism and muscular dystrophy caused by pure creatine deficiency are reversible by creatine intake
Nabuurs, C. I., Choe, C. U., Veltien, A., Kan, H. E., Van Loon, Luc, Rodenburg, R. J. T., Matschke, J., Wieringa, B., Kemp, G. J., Isbrandt, D. and Heerschap, A.. (2013). Disturbed energy metabolism and muscular dystrophy caused by pure creatine deficiency are reversible by creatine intake. Journal of Physiology. 591(2), pp. 571 - 592. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2012.241760
Elderly men and women benefit equally from prolonged resistance-type exercise training
Leenders, Marika, Verdijk, Lex B., van der Hoeven, Letty, Van Kranenburg, Janneau, Nilwik, Rachel and Van Loon, Luc. (2013). Elderly men and women benefit equally from prolonged resistance-type exercise training. Journals of Gerontology: Series A Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences. 68(7), pp. 769 - 779. https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/gls241
Validity and Reliability of Tools to Measure Muscle Mass, Strength, and Physical Performance in Community-Dwelling Older People: A Systematic Review
Mijnarends, Donja M., Meijers, Judith M. M., Halfens, Ruud J. G., Borg, Sovianne Ter, Luiking, Yvette C., Verlaan, Sjors, Schoberer, Daniela, Cruz-Jentoft, Alfonso J., Van Loon, Luc and Schols, Jos M. G. A.. (2013). Validity and Reliability of Tools to Measure Muscle Mass, Strength, and Physical Performance in Community-Dwelling Older People: A Systematic Review. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association. 14(3), pp. 170 - 178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2012.10.009
Substantial differences between organ and muscle specific tracer incorporation rates in a lactating dairy cow
Burd, N, Hamer, Henrike M., Pennings, Bart, Pellikaan, Wilbert F., Senden, Joan M., Gijsen, Annemie P. and Van Loon, Luc. (2013). Substantial differences between organ and muscle specific tracer incorporation rates in a lactating dairy cow. PLoS ONE. 8(6), pp. 1 - 10. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0068109
Effect of antioxidant supplementation on exercise-induced cardiac troponin release in cyclists: A randomized trial
Klinkenberg, Lieke J. J., Res, Peter T., Haenen, Guido R., Bast, Aalt, Van Loon, Luc, Van Dieijen-Visser, Marja P. and Meex, Steven J. R.. (2013). Effect of antioxidant supplementation on exercise-induced cardiac troponin release in cyclists: A randomized trial. PLoS ONE. 8(11), pp. 1 - 6. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0079280
Limits of Human Endurance
Van Loon, Luc and Meeusen, Romain. (2012). Limits of Human Endurance S. Karger AG.
Nutritional approaches to treating sarcopenia
Paddon-Jones, Douglas and van Loon, Luc. (2012). Nutritional approaches to treating sarcopenia. In In Cruz-Jentoft, Alfonso J. and Morley, John E. (Ed.). Sarcopenia pp. 275-295 Wiley-Blackwell.
Strong link between basal and exercise-induced cardiac troponin T levels: Do both reflect risk?
Klinkenberg, Lieke J. J., Res, Peter T., Van Loon, Lucas, Van Dieijen-Visser, Marja P. and Meex, Steven J. R.. (2012). Strong link between basal and exercise-induced cardiac troponin T levels: Do both reflect risk? International Journal of Cardiology. 158(1), pp. 129 - 131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2012.04.050
The single biopsy approach is reliable for the measurement of muscle protein synthesis rates in vivo in older men
Burd, N., Pennings, Bart, Groen, Bart B. L., Gijsen, Annemie P., Senden, Joan M. and Van Loon, Luc. (2012). The single biopsy approach is reliable for the measurement of muscle protein synthesis rates in vivo in older men. Journal of Applied Physiology. 113(6), pp. 896 - 902. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00513.2012
Inspanningstherapie bij type 2 diabetes: is dagelijkse inspanning noodzakelijk om glycemische controle te optimaliseren?
van Dijk, Jan W., Tummers, Kyra, Stehouwer, Coen D.A., Hartgens, Fred and van Loon, Luc. (2012). Inspanningstherapie bij type 2 diabetes: is dagelijkse inspanning noodzakelijk om glycemische controle te optimaliseren? Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Diabetologie. 10(2), pp. 60 - 61. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12467-012-0021-3
Protein Supplementation Improves Physical Performance in Frail Elderly People: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial
Tieland, Michael, De Rest, Ondine Van, Dirks, Marlou L., Van Der Zwalu, Nikita L., Mensink, Marco, Van Loon, Luc and de Groot, Lisette C. P. G. M.. (2012). Protein Supplementation Improves Physical Performance in Frail Elderly People: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association. 13(8), pp. 720 - 726. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2012.07.005
Exercise-Induced splanchnic hypoperfusion results in gut dysfunction in healthy men
Wijck, Kim V., Lenaerts, Kaatje, Van Loon, Luc, Peters, Wilbert H. M., Buurman, Wim A. and Dejong, Cornelis H. C.. (2011). Exercise-Induced splanchnic hypoperfusion results in gut dysfunction in healthy men. PLoS ONE. 6(7), pp. 1 - 10. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0022366
Nutritional strategies to promote postexercise recovery
Beelen, M, Burke, Louise, Gibala, M and van Loon, Luc. (2010). Nutritional strategies to promote postexercise recovery. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism. 20(6), pp. 515 - 532. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.20.6.515